| molecular function |
|---|
| | GO:0003677 | | DNA binding | | Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). |
| | GO:0051425 | | PTB domain binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain of a protein. |
| | GO:0033130 | | acetylcholine receptor binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an acetylcholine receptor. |
| | GO:0019899 | | enzyme binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme. |
| | GO:0070851 | | growth factor receptor binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a growth factor receptor. |
| | GO:0008201 | | heparin binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells and which consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues. |
| | GO:0042802 | | identical protein binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. |
| | GO:0046872 | | metal ion binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion. |
| | GO:0016504 | | peptidase activator activity | | Binds to and increases the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds. |
| | GO:0030414 | | peptidase inhibitor activity | | Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds. |
| | GO:0005515 | | protein binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). |
| | GO:0005102 | | receptor binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. |
| | GO:0004867 | | serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity | | Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of serine-type endopeptidases, enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain; a serine residue (and a histidine residue) are at the active center of the enzyme. |
| | GO:0046914 | | transition metal ion binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transition metal ions; a transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver. |
| biological process |
|---|
| | GO:0007219 | | Notch signaling pathway | | A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |
| | GO:0008344 | | adult locomotory behavior | | Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. |
| | GO:1990000 | | amyloid fibril formation | | The generation of amyloid fibrils, insoluble fibrous protein aggregates exhibiting beta sheet structure, from proteins. An example of this is seen when human RIP1 and RIP3 kinases form a heterodimeric functional amyloid signaling complex (PMID:22817896). |
| | GO:0019731 | | antibacterial humoral response | | An immune response against bacteria mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are the antibacterial humoral responses in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster. |
| | GO:0019732 | | antifungal humoral response | | An immune response against a fungus mediated through a body fluid. An example of this process is the antifungal humoral response in Drosophila melanogaster. |
| | GO:0006915 | | apoptotic process | | A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. |
| | GO:0008088 | | axo-dendritic transport | | The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in neuron projections. |
| | GO:0016199 | | axon midline choice point recognition | | The recognition of molecules at the central nervous system midline choice point by an axon growth cone; this choice point determines whether the growth cone will cross the midline. |
| | GO:0007409 | | axonogenesis | | De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon. |
| | GO:0007155 | | cell adhesion | | The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. |
| | GO:0006878 | | cellular copper ion homeostasis | | Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of copper ions at the level of a cell. |
| | GO:0009987 | | cellular process | | Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. |
| | GO:0044267 | | cellular protein metabolic process | | The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general, occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes cellular protein modification. |
| | GO:0071320 | | cellular response to cAMP | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus. |
| | GO:1990090 | | cellular response to nerve growth factor stimulus | | A process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nerve growth factor stimulus. |
| | GO:0071874 | | cellular response to norepinephrine stimulus | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a norepinephrine stimulus. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C8H11NO3; it acts as a hormone, and as a neurotransmitter in most of the sympathetic nervous system. |
| | GO:0008203 | | cholesterol metabolic process | | The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues. |
| | GO:0048669 | | collateral sprouting in absence of injury | | The process in which outgrowths develop from the axons of intact undamaged neurons. |
| | GO:0050829 | | defense response to Gram-negative bacterium | | Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. |
| | GO:0050830 | | defense response to Gram-positive bacterium | | Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. |
| | GO:0016358 | | dendrite development | | The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell. |
| | GO:0006897 | | endocytosis | | A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle. |
| | GO:0030198 | | extracellular matrix organization | | A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix. |
| | GO:0030900 | | forebrain development | | The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions). |
| | GO:0045087 | | innate immune response | | Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. |
| | GO:0035235 | | ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway | | A series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to a glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex. Ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |
| | GO:0007626 | | locomotory behavior | | The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions. |
| | GO:0006378 | | mRNA polyadenylation | | The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-200 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA primary transcript. |
| | GO:0007617 | | mating behavior | | The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes. |
| | GO:0010951 | | negative regulation of endopeptidase activity | | Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins. |
| | GO:0045665 | | negative regulation of neuron differentiation | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. |
| | GO:0010466 | | negative regulation of peptidase activity | | Any process that stops or reduces the rate of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins. |
| | GO:0007399 | | nervous system development | | The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state. |
| | GO:0050885 | | neuromuscular process controlling balance | | Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors. |
| | GO:0051402 | | neuron apoptotic process | | Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. |
| | GO:0031175 | | neuron projection development | | The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). |
| | GO:0016322 | | neuron remodeling | | The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development. |
| | GO:0002576 | | platelet degranulation | | The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine and serotonin by a platelet. |
| | GO:0010971 | | positive regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle | | Any process that increases the rate or extent of progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle. |
| | GO:0045931 | | positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle | | Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle. |
| | GO:0010952 | | positive regulation of peptidase activity | | Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins. |
| | GO:0045944 | | positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. |
| | GO:0006468 | | protein phosphorylation | | The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. |
| | GO:0007176 | | regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity | | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity. |
| | GO:0010468 | | regulation of gene expression | | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. |
| | GO:0040014 | | regulation of multicellular organism growth | | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size. |
| | GO:0043393 | | regulation of protein binding | | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. |
| | GO:0050803 | | regulation of synapse structure or activity | | Any process that modulates the physical form or the activity of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). |
| | GO:0006417 | | regulation of translation | | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA. |
| | GO:0010288 | | response to lead ion | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lead ion stimulus. |
| | GO:0006979 | | response to oxidative stress | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. |
| | GO:0001878 | | response to yeast | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a yeast species. |
| | GO:0051563 | | smooth endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis | | Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a cell or between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and its surroundings. |
| | GO:0001967 | | suckling behavior | | Specific behavior of a newborn or infant mammal that results in the derivation of nourishment from the breast. |
| | GO:0051124 | | synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction | | The growth of a synapse at a neuromuscular junction, the site of apposition of a motor end plate and the subneural cleft of the skeletal muscle fiber that it innervates. |
| | GO:0008542 | | visual learning | | Any process in an organism in which a change in behavior of an individual occurs in response to repeated exposure to a visual cue. |
| cellular component |
|---|
| | GO:0030134 | | COPII-coated ER to Golgi transport vesicle | | A vesicle with a coat formed of the COPII coat complex proteins. The COPII coat complex is formed by the Sec23p/Sec24p and the Sec13p/Sec31p heterodimers. COPII-associated vesicles transport proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus (anterograde transport). |
| | GO:0005794 | | Golgi apparatus | | A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. |
| | GO:0045177 | | apical part of cell | | The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue. |
| | GO:0097449 | | astrocyte projection | | A prolongation or process extending from the soma of an astrocyte and wrapping around neurons. |
| | GO:0030424 | | axon | | The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. |
| | GO:0009986 | | cell surface | | The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. |
| | GO:0005911 | | cell-cell junction | | A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals. |
| | GO:0035253 | | ciliary rootlet | | A cytoskeleton-like structure, originating from the basal body at the proximal end of a cilium, and extending proximally toward the cell nucleus. Rootlets are typically 80-100 nm in diameter and contain cross striae distributed at regular intervals of approximately 55-70 nm. |
| | GO:0005905 | | clathrin-coated pit | | A part of the endomembrane system in the form of an invagination of a membrane upon which a clathrin coat forms, and that can be converted by vesicle budding into a clathrin-coated vesicle. Coated pits form on the plasma membrane, where they are involved in receptor-mediated selective transport of many proteins and other macromolecules across the cell membrane, in the trans-Golgi network, and on some endosomes. |
| | GO:0005737 | | cytoplasm | | All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. |
| | GO:0031410 | | cytoplasmic vesicle | | A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. |
| | GO:0005829 | | cytosol | | The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. |
| | GO:0043198 | | dendritic shaft | | Cylindric portion of the dendrite, directly stemming from the perikaryon, and carrying the dendritic spines. |
| | GO:0043197 | | dendritic spine | | A small, membranous protrusion from a dendrite that forms a postsynaptic compartment - typically receiving input from a single presynapse. They function as partially isolated biochemical and an electrical compartments. Spine morphology is variable including "thin", "stubby", "mushroom", and "branched", with a continuum of intermediate morphologies. They typically terminate in a bulb shape, linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity. |
| | GO:0005768 | | endosome | | A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered. |
| | GO:0031904 | | endosome lumen | | The volume enclosed by the membrane of an endosome. |
| | GO:0070062 | | extracellular exosome | | A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. |
| | GO:0005576 | | extracellular region | | The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. |
| | GO:0005615 | | extracellular space | | That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. |
| | GO:0030426 | | growth cone | | The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon or dendrite. |
| | GO:1990812 | | growth cone filopodium | | A thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of an axonal or dendritic growth cone. |
| | GO:1990761 | | growth cone lamellipodium | | A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of an axonal or dendritic growth cone; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments. |
| | GO:0016021 | | integral component of membrane | | The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. |
| | GO:0005887 | | integral component of plasma membrane | | The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. |
| | GO:0043231 | | intracellular membrane-bounded organelle | | Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. |
| | GO:0044304 | | main axon | | The main axonal trunk, as opposed to the collaterals; i.e., excluding collaterals, terminal, spines, or dendrites. |
| | GO:0016020 | | membrane | | A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. |
| | GO:0045121 | | membrane raft | | Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. |
| | GO:0031594 | | neuromuscular junction | | The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential. |
| | GO:0043005 | | neuron projection | | A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. |
| | GO:0005641 | | nuclear envelope lumen | | The region between the two lipid bilayers of the nuclear envelope; 20-40 nm wide. |
| | GO:0048471 | | perinuclear region of cytoplasm | | Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. |
| | GO:0005886 | | plasma membrane | | The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. |
| | GO:0031093 | | platelet alpha granule lumen | | The volume enclosed by the membrane of the platelet alpha granule. |
| | GO:0043235 | | receptor complex | | Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. |
| | GO:0005791 | | rough endoplasmic reticulum | | The rough (or granular) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has ribosomes adhering to the outer surface; the ribosomes are the site of translation of the mRNA for those proteins which are either to be retained within the cisternae (ER-resident proteins), the proteins of the lysosomes, or the proteins destined for export from the cell. Glycoproteins undergo their initial glycosylation within the cisternae. |
| | GO:0005790 | | smooth endoplasmic reticulum | | The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER or SER) has no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth ER is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER. |
| | GO:0051233 | | spindle midzone | | The area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap. |
| | GO:0045202 | | synapse | | The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. |
| | GO:0043195 | | terminal bouton | | Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it. |
| | GO:0032588 | | trans-Golgi network membrane | | The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the trans-Golgi network. |
Description
