| molecular function |
|---|
| | GO:0005179 | | hormone activity | | The action characteristic of a hormone, any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. The term was originally applied to agents with a stimulatory physiological action in vertebrate animals (as opposed to a chalone, which has a depressant action). Usage is now extended to regulatory compounds in lower animals and plants, and to synthetic substances having comparable effects; all bind receptors and trigger some biological process. |
| | GO:0042802 | | identical protein binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. |
| | GO:0005158 | | insulin receptor binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the insulin receptor. |
| | GO:0005159 | | insulin-like growth factor receptor binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the insulin-like growth factor receptor. |
| | GO:0002020 | | protease binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protease or peptidase. |
| | GO:0005515 | | protein binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). |
| biological process |
|---|
| | GO:0006888 | | ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport | | The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi. |
| | GO:0007186 | | G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway | | A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). |
| | GO:0000165 | | MAPK cascade | | An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell. |
| | GO:0032148 | | activation of protein kinase B activity | | Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase B. |
| | GO:0006953 | | acute-phase response | | An acute inflammatory response that involves non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals. |
| | GO:0046631 | | alpha-beta T cell activation | | The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. |
| | GO:0005975 | | carbohydrate metabolic process | | The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule. |
| | GO:0007267 | | cell-cell signaling | | Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions. |
| | GO:0044267 | | cellular protein metabolic process | | The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general, occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes cellular protein modification. |
| | GO:0055089 | | fatty acid homeostasis | | Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of fatty acid within an organism or cell. |
| | GO:0042593 | | glucose homeostasis | | Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell. |
| | GO:0006006 | | glucose metabolic process | | The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. |
| | GO:0015758 | | glucose transport | | The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. |
| | GO:0008286 | | insulin receptor signaling pathway | | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin. |
| | GO:0033861 | | negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity | | Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase. |
| | GO:0002674 | | negative regulation of acute inflammatory response | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response. |
| | GO:0045922 | | negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids. |
| | GO:2000252 | | negative regulation of feeding behavior | | Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of feeding behavior. |
| | GO:0045721 | | negative regulation of gluconeogenesis | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis. |
| | GO:0045818 | | negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen. |
| | GO:0050995 | | negative regulation of lipid catabolic process | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids. |
| | GO:1902176 | | negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway | | Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. |
| | GO:0042177 | | negative regulation of protein catabolic process | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. |
| | GO:0032460 | | negative regulation of protein oligomerization | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization. |
| | GO:0050709 | | negative regulation of protein secretion | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell. |
| | GO:0045861 | | negative regulation of proteolysis | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. |
| | GO:0060266 | | negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response | | Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. |
| | GO:0045740 | | positive regulation of DNA replication | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication. |
| | GO:0043410 | | positive regulation of MAPK cascade | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade. |
| | GO:0051092 | | positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. |
| | GO:0090336 | | positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation | | Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of brown fat cell differentiation. Brown fat cell differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria. |
| | GO:0045597 | | positive regulation of cell differentiation | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. |
| | GO:0030307 | | positive regulation of cell growth | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. |
| | GO:0030335 | | positive regulation of cell migration | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. |
| | GO:0008284 | | positive regulation of cell proliferation | | Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| | GO:0032270 | | positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell. |
| | GO:0050715 | | positive regulation of cytokine secretion | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cytokines from a cell. |
| | GO:0010628 | | positive regulation of gene expression | | Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. |
| | GO:0046326 | | positive regulation of glucose import | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle. |
| | GO:0045725 | | positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen. |
| | GO:0045821 | | positive regulation of glycolytic process | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis. |
| | GO:0046628 | | positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway | | Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling. |
| | GO:0046889 | | positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. |
| | GO:0045840 | | positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis. |
| | GO:0045429 | | positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide. |
| | GO:0051000 | | positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity | | Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase. |
| | GO:0090277 | | positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion | | Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules. |
| | GO:0050731 | | positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine. |
| | GO:0014068 | | positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade. |
| | GO:0031954 | | positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues. |
| | GO:0051897 | | positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B. |
| | GO:1900182 | | positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus. |
| | GO:0060267 | | positive regulation of respiratory burst | | Any process that increases the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. |
| | GO:0006521 | | regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process | | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids. |
| | GO:0032880 | | regulation of protein localization | | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. |
| | GO:0050708 | | regulation of protein secretion | | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell. |
| | GO:0006355 | | regulation of transcription, DNA-templated | | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
| | GO:0022898 | | regulation of transmembrane transporter activity | | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane transporter activity. |
| | GO:0042060 | | wound healing | | The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury. |
| cellular component |
|---|
| | GO:0005796 | | Golgi lumen | | The volume enclosed by the membranes of any cisterna or subcompartment of the Golgi apparatus, including the cis- and trans-Golgi networks. |
| | GO:0000139 | | Golgi membrane | | The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. |
| | GO:0005788 | | endoplasmic reticulum lumen | | The volume enclosed by the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| | GO:0033116 | | endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane | | The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment system. |
| | GO:0031904 | | endosome lumen | | The volume enclosed by the membrane of an endosome. |
| | GO:0005576 | | extracellular region | | The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. |
| | GO:0005615 | | extracellular space | | That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. |
| | GO:0034774 | | secretory granule lumen | | The volume enclosed by the membrane of a secretory granule. |
| | GO:0030133 | | transport vesicle | | Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell. |
Description
