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(-) Description

Title :  INSIGHTS INTO GLUCOKINASE ACTIVATION MECHANISM: OBSERVATION OF MULTIPLE DISTINCT PROTEIN CONFORMATIONS
 
Authors :  S. E. Greasley, M. Hickey, J. Feng, E. Garcia
Date :  17 Jan 12  (Deposition) - 08 Feb 12  (Release) - 09 May 12  (Revision)
Method :  X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Resolution :  1.79
Chains :  Asym./Biol. Unit :  A
Keywords :  Gk Beta Cell, Small Molecule, Open Conformation, Kinase, Transferase (Keyword Search: [Gene Ontology, PubMed, Web (Google))
 
Reference :  S. Liu, M. J. Ammirati, X. Song, J. D. Knafels, J. Zhang, S. E. Greasley, J. A. Pfefferkorn, X. Qiu
Insights Into Mechanism Of Glucokinase Activation: Observation Of Multiple Distinct Protein Conformations.
J. Biol. Chem. V. 287 13598 2012
PubMed-ID: 22298776  |  Reference-DOI: 10.1074/JBC.M111.274126

(-) Compounds

Molecule 1 - GLUCOKINASE
    ChainsA
    EC Number2.7.1.2
    EngineeredYES
    Expression SystemESCHERICHIA COLI
    Expression System Taxid562
    GeneGCK
    Organism CommonHUMAN
    Organism ScientificHOMO SAPIENS
    Organism Taxid9606
    SynonymHEXOKINASE TYPE IV, HK IV, HEXOKINASE-4, HK4, HEXOKINASE-D

 Structural Features

(-) Chains, Units

  1
Asymmetric/Biological Unit A

Summary Information (see also Sequences/Alignments below)

(-) Ligands, Modified Residues, Ions  (3, 4)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit (3, 4)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
14DC1Ligand/Ion(2R)-3-CYCLOPENTYL-2-[4-(METHYLSULFONYL)PHENYL]-N-(1,3-THIAZOL-2-YL)PROPANAMIDE
2GLC1Ligand/IonALPHA-D-GLUCOSE
3IOD2Ligand/IonIODIDE ION

(-) Sites  (4, 4)

Asymmetric Unit (4, 4)
No.NameEvidenceResiduesDescription
1AC1SOFTWAREASN A:204 , ASP A:205 , ILE A:225 , CYS A:230 , ASN A:231 , GLU A:256 , GLU A:290 , HOH A:819 , HOH A:823 , HOH A:829 , HOH A:874 , HOH A:1109BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE GLC A 501
2AC2SOFTWARETYR A:61 , VAL A:62 , ARG A:63 , SER A:64 , THR A:65 , PRO A:66 , GLN A:98 , TRP A:99 , TYR A:214 , LYS A:459BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE 4DC A 502
3AC3SOFTWAREASN A:204 , LYS A:459BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE IOD A 503
4AC4SOFTWAREARG A:358BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE IOD A 504

(-) SS Bonds  (0, 0)

(no "SS Bond" information available for 4DCH)

(-) Cis Peptide Bonds  (0, 0)

(no "Cis Peptide Bond" information available for 4DCH)

 Sequence-Structure Mapping

(-) SAPs(SNPs)/Variants  (64, 64)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit (64, 64)
  dbSNPPDB
No.SourceVariant IDVariantUniProt IDStatusIDChainVariant
01UniProtVAR_010583A11THXK4_HUMANPolymorphism116093166AA11T
02UniProtVAR_010584R36WHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)762263694AR36W
03UniProtVAR_075220R43HHXK4_HUMANUnclassified (MODY2)764232985AR43H
04UniProtVAR_010585A53SHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AA53S
05UniProtVAR_078243T65IHXK4_HUMANDisease (HHF3)  ---AT65I
06UniProtVAR_075221G68DHXK4_HUMANUnclassified (MODY2)373418736AG68D
07UniProtVAR_003693E70KHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AE70K
08UniProtVAR_003694G80AHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AG80A
09UniProtVAR_003695G80SHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AG80S
10UniProtVAR_078244V91LHXK4_HUMANDisease (HHF3)  ---AV91L
11UniProtVAR_078245W99CHXK4_HUMANDisease (HHF3)  ---AW99C
12UniProtVAR_003696M107THXK4_HUMANPolymorphism  ---AM107T
13UniProtVAR_010586Y108HHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AY108H
14UniProtVAR_012352I110THXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AI110T
15UniProtVAR_012353A119DHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AA119D
16UniProtVAR_078246C129YHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AC129Y
17UniProtVAR_003697S131PHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)104894010AS131P
18UniProtVAR_010587H137RHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AH137R
19UniProtVAR_010588F150SHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)193922297AF150S
20UniProtVAR_078247F152LHXK4_HUMANUnclassified (MODY2)  ---AF152L
21UniProtVAR_003699V182MHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)587780345AV182M
22UniProtVAR_003700A188THXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)751279776AA188T
23UniProtVAR_078248A188VHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)193922307AA188V
24UniProtVAR_078249R191WHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AR191W
25UniProtVAR_078250M202RHXK4_HUMANUnclassified (MODY2)  ---AM202R
26UniProtVAR_003701V203AHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AV203A
27UniProtVAR_010590T209MHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AT209M
28UniProtVAR_012351M210KHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)80356654AM210K
29UniProtVAR_010591M210THXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AM210T
30UniProtVAR_010592C213RHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AC213R
31UniProtVAR_075222D217NHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)147065275AD217N
32UniProtVAR_003702E221KHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)193922317AE221K
33UniProtVAR_078251G223SHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AG223S
34UniProtVAR_075223I225MHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AI225M
35UniProtVAR_003703V226MHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)148311934AV226M
36UniProtVAR_003704G227CHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AG227C
37UniProtVAR_003705T228MHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)80356655AT228M
38UniProtVAR_078252N231HHXK4_HUMANUnclassified (MODY2)  ---AN231H
39UniProtVAR_075224E248KHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)759421263AE248K
40UniProtVAR_003706E256KHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)769268803AE256K
41UniProtVAR_003707W257RHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AW257R
42UniProtVAR_010593A259THXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AA259T
43UniProtVAR_010594G261EHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AG261E
44UniProtVAR_003708G261RHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)104894008AG261R
45UniProtVAR_003709E279QHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)104894005AE279Q
46UniProtVAR_003710G299RHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)104894009AG299R
47UniProtVAR_003712E300KHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AE300K
48UniProtVAR_003711E300QHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AE300Q
49UniProtVAR_003713L309PHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AL309P
50UniProtVAR_078253L315FHXK4_HUMANUnclassified (MODY2)  ---AL315F
51UniProtVAR_010595S336LHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AS336L
52UniProtVAR_066615T342PHXK4_HUMANPolymorphism  ---AT342P
53UniProtVAR_010596V367MHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AV367M
54UniProtVAR_078254A378THXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)104894016AA378T
55UniProtVAR_010597C382YHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AC382Y
56UniProtVAR_010598A384THXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AA384T
57UniProtVAR_012354G385VHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AG385V
58UniProtVAR_010599R392CHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AR392C
59UniProtVAR_003714K414EHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)193922272AK414E
60UniProtVAR_078255C434FHXK4_HUMANUnclassified (MODY2)  ---AC434F
61UniProtVAR_078256S441WHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AS441W
62UniProtVAR_078257E442KHXK4_HUMANDisease (HHF3)758737171AE442K
63UniProtVAR_078258R447QHXK4_HUMANDisease (MODY2)  ---AR447Q
64UniProtVAR_003715V455MHXK4_HUMANDisease (HHF3)104894012AV455M

  SNP/SAP Summary Statistics (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

(-) PROSITE Motifs  (2, 2)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit (2, 2)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1HEXOKINASE_2PS51748 Hexokinase domain profile.HXK4_HUMAN10-454  1A:10-454
2HEXOKINASE_1PS00378 Hexokinase domain signature.HXK4_HUMAN146-171  1A:146-153

(-) Exons   (0, 0)

(no "Exon" information available for 4DCH)

(-) Sequences/Alignments

Asymmetric/Biological Unit
   Reformat: Number of residues per line =  ('0' or empty: single-line sequence representation)
  Number of residues per labelling interval =   
  UniProt sequence: complete  aligned part    
   Show mapping: SCOP domains CATH domains Pfam domains Secondary structure (by author)
SAPs(SNPs) PROSITE motifs Exons
(details for a mapped element are shown in a popup box when the mouse pointer rests over it)
Chain A from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:434
 aligned with HXK4_HUMAN | P35557 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:465

    Alignment length:461
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  465    
                                    18        28        38        48        58        68        78        88        98       108       118       128       138       148       158       168       178       188       198       208       218       228       238       248       258       268       278       288       298       308       318       328       338       348       358       368       378       388       398       408       418       428       438       448       458      |  - 
           HXK4_HUMAN     9 EAAKKEKVEQILAEFQLQEEDLKKVMRRMQKEMDRGLRLETHEEASVKMLPTYVRSTPEGSEVGDFLSLDLGGTNFRVMLVKVGEGEEGQWSVKTKHQMYSIPEDAMTGTAEMLFDYISECISDFLDKHQMKHKKLPLGFTFSFPVRHEDIDKGILLNWTKGFKASGAEGNNVVGLLRDAIKRRGDFEMDVVAMVNDTVATMISCYYEDHQCEVGMIVGTGCNACYMEEMQNVELVEGDEGRMCVNTEWGAFGDSGELDEFLLEYDRLVDESSANPGQQLYEKLIGGKYMGELVRLVLLRLVDENLLFHGEASEQLRTRGAFETRFVSQVESDTGDRKQIYNILSTLGLRPSTTDCDIVRRACESVSTRAAHMCSAGLAGVINRMRESRSEDVMRITVGVDGSVYKLHPSFKERFHASVRRLTPSCEITFIESEEGSGRGAALVSAVACKKACMLGQ----   -
               SCOP domains d4dcha1 A:9-218 automated matches                                                                                                                                                                                 d4dcha2 A:219-469 automated matches                                                                                                                                                                                                                         SCOP domains
               CATH domains ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...........eeeeee.........eeeeeeee..eeeeeeeeee..--...eeeeeeeeee........hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.hhhhh.eeeeeee..-------------------------.hhhhhhhhhhhhhh....ee....hhhhhhhhhhhhhh..eeeeeee...eeeeeeee.hhh........eeeee.hhhhh.....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh..hhhhh...........hhhhhhhhhhh...hhhhhhhhhhh....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...eeeeeeeehhhhhhh.hhhhhhhhhhhhhh..eeeeee......hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...... Sec.struct. author
             SAPs(SNPs) (1) --T------------------------W------H---------S-----------I--D-K---------A----------L-------C-------TH-T--------D---------Y-P-----R------------S-L-----------------------------M-----T--W----------RA-----MK--R---N---K-S-MMCM--H----------------K-------KR-T-E-----------------Q-------------------RK--------P-----F--------------------L-----P------------------------M----------T---Y-TV------C---------------------E-------------------F------WK----Q-------M-------------- SAPs(SNPs) (1)
             SAPs(SNPs) (2) -----------------------------------------------------------------------S-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V---------------------T--------------------------------------------------R--------------------------------------Q------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs) (2)
                PROSITE (1) -HEXOKINASE_2  PDB: A:10-454 UniProt: 10-454                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  --------------- PROSITE (1)
                PROSITE (2) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HEXOKINASE_1              ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE (2)
                 Transcript ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 4dch A   9 EAAKKEKVEQILAEFQLQEEDLKKVMRRMQKEMDRGLRLETHEEASVKMLPTYVRSTPEGSEVGDFLSLDLGGTNFRVMLVKVGEG--GQWSVKTKHQMYSIPEDAMTGTAEMLFDYISECISDFLDKHQMKHKKLPLGFTFSFP-------------------------NNVVGLLRDAIKRRGDFEMDVVAMVNDTVATMISCYYEDHQCEVGMIVGTGCNACYMEEMQNVELVEGDEGRMCVNTEWGAFGDSGELDEFLLEYDRLVDESSANPGQQLYEKLIGGKYMGELVRLVLLRLVDENLLFHGEASEQLRTRGAFETRFVSQVESDTGDRKQIYNILSTLGLRPSTTDCDIVRRACESVSTRAAHMCSAGLAGVINRMRESRSEDVMRITVGVDGSVYKLHPSFKERFHASVRRLTPSCEITFIESEEGSGRGAALVSAVACKKACMLGQLEHH 469
                                    18        28        38        48        58        68        78        88     |  98       108       118       128       138       148    |    -         -         -|      188       198       208       218       228       238       248       258       268       278       288       298       308       318       328       338       348       358       368       378       388       398       408       418       428       438       448       458       468 
                                                                                                                94 97                                                     153                       179                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

   Legend:   → Mismatch (orange background)
  - → Gap (green background, '-', border residues have a numbering label)
    → Modified Residue (blue background, lower-case, 'x' indicates undefined single-letter code, labelled with number + name)
  x → Chemical Group (purple background, 'x', labelled with number + name, e.g. ACE or NH2)
  extra numbering lines below/above indicate numbering irregularities and modified residue names etc., number ends below/above '|'

 Classification and Annotation

(-) SCOP Domains  (1, 2)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit

(-) CATH Domains  (0, 0)

(no "CATH Domain" information available for 4DCH)

(-) Pfam Domains  (0, 0)

(no "Pfam Domain" information available for 4DCH)

(-) Gene Ontology  (57, 57)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit(hide GO term definitions)
Chain A   (HXK4_HUMAN | P35557)
molecular function
    GO:0043531    ADP binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate.
    GO:0005524    ATP binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
    GO:0003824    catalytic activity    Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic.
    GO:0008865    fructokinase activity    Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose = ADP + D-fructose 6-phosphate.
    GO:0004340    glucokinase activity    Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-glucose = ADP + D-glucose-6-phosphate.
    GO:0005536    glucose binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the D- or L-enantiomer of glucose.
    GO:0004396    hexokinase activity    Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-hexose = ADP + D-hexose 6-phosphate.
    GO:0016301    kinase activity    Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
    GO:0000287    magnesium ion binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with magnesium (Mg) ions.
    GO:0019158    mannokinase activity    Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-mannose = ADP + D-mannose 6-phosphate.
    GO:0000166    nucleotide binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose.
    GO:0016773    phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor    Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to an alcohol group (acceptor).
    GO:0005515    protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
    GO:0019903    protein phosphatase binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein phosphatase.
    GO:0016740    transferase activity    Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
biological process
    GO:0006739    NADP metabolic process    The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; metabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.
    GO:0070509    calcium ion import    The directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.
    GO:0061621    canonical glycolysis    The glycolytic process that begins with the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by glucokinase activity. Glycolytic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP.
    GO:0005975    carbohydrate metabolic process    The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule.
    GO:0046835    carbohydrate phosphorylation    The process of introducing a phosphate group into a carbohydrate, any organic compound based on the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
    GO:0001678    cellular glucose homeostasis    A cellular homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within a cell or between a cell and its external environment.
    GO:0042149    cellular response to glucose starvation    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of glucose.
    GO:0032869    cellular response to insulin stimulus    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.
    GO:0044320    cellular response to leptin stimulus    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leptin stimulus. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body. It plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism.
    GO:0051594    detection of glucose    The series of events in which a glucose stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
    GO:0006003    fructose 2,6-bisphosphate metabolic process    The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. The D enantiomer is an important regulator of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. It inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and activates phosphofructokinase.
    GO:0051156    glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process    The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose 6-phosphate, a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.
    GO:0042593    glucose homeostasis    Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell.
    GO:0006006    glucose metabolic process    The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
    GO:0015758    glucose transport    The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
    GO:0005978    glycogen biosynthetic process    The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.
    GO:0006096    glycolytic process    The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the reduction of NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. Glycolysis begins with the metabolism of a carbohydrate to generate products that can enter the pathway and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules.
    GO:0055088    lipid homeostasis    Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of lipid within an organism or cell.
    GO:0008152    metabolic process    The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
    GO:0032811    negative regulation of epinephrine secretion    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine.
    GO:0045721    negative regulation of gluconeogenesis    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.
    GO:0016310    phosphorylation    The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide.
    GO:0007204    positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration    Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.
    GO:0045725    positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.
    GO:0045821    positive regulation of glycolytic process    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.
    GO:0032024    positive regulation of insulin secretion    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.
    GO:0042327    positive regulation of phosphorylation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.
    GO:0010827    regulation of glucose transport    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
    GO:0006110    regulation of glycolytic process    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.
    GO:0050796    regulation of insulin secretion    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.
    GO:0043266    regulation of potassium ion transport    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
    GO:0009749    response to glucose    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.
    GO:0019932    second-messenger-mediated signaling    Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via a second messenger; a small molecule or ion that can be quickly generated or released from intracellular stores, and can diffuse within the cell. Second-messenger signaling includes production or release of the second messenger, and effectors downstream of the second messenger that further transmit the signal within the cell.
cellular component
    GO:0005884    actin filament    A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane.
    GO:0045180    basal cortex    The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the basal edge of a cell.
    GO:0005938    cell cortex    The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.
    GO:0005737    cytoplasm    All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
    GO:0005829    cytosol    The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.
    GO:0005739    mitochondrion    A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.
    GO:0005654    nucleoplasm    That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.
    GO:0005634    nucleus    A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
    GO:0030141    secretory granule    A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules.

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 Related Entries

(-) Entries Sharing at Least One Protein Chain (UniProt ID)

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        HXK4_HUMAN | P355571glk 1v4s 1v4t 3a0i 3f9m 3fgu 3fr0 3goi 3h1v 3id8 3idh 3imx 3qic 3s41 3vev 3vey 3vf6 4dhy 4ise 4isf 4isg 4iwv 4ixc 4l3q 4lc9 4mle 4mlh 4no7 4rch 5v4w 5v4x

(-) Related Entries Specified in the PDB File

(no "Related Entries Specified in the PDB File" available for 4DCH)