1EMU - JenaLib

Asymmetric/Biological Unit(hide GO term definitions)

molecular function
	GO:0005096	GTPase activator activity	Binds to and increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP.
	GO:0070411	I-SMAD binding	Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an inhibitory SMAD signaling protein.
	GO:0046332	SMAD binding	Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a SMAD signaling protein.
	GO:0070016	armadillo repeat domain binding	Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the armadillo repeat domain of a protein, an approximately 40 amino acid long tandemly repeated sequence motif first identified in the Drosophila segment polarity protein armadillo. Arm-repeat proteins are involved in various processes, including intracellular signalling and cytoskeletal regulation.
	GO:0008013	beta-catenin binding	Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the beta subunit of the catenin complex.
	GO:0019899	enzyme binding	Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme.
	GO:0042802	identical protein binding	Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins.
	GO:0005515	protein binding	Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
	GO:0032947	protein complex scaffold activity	A structural molecule activity that provides a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein complex. The scaffold may or may not be part of the final complex.
	GO:0042803	protein homodimerization activity	Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer.
	GO:0019901	protein kinase binding	Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate.
	GO:0030159	receptor signaling complex scaffold activity	Functions to provide a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein receptor signaling complex.
	GO:0004871	signal transducer activity	Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response.
	GO:0031625	ubiquitin protein ligase binding	Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins.
biological process
	GO:0016055	Wnt signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state.
	GO:0090244	Wnt signaling pathway involved in somitogenesis	The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state that contributes to somitogenesis.
	GO:0021881	Wnt-activated signaling pathway involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment	The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell that contributes to the commitment of a neuroblast to aneuronal fate. The neuron will reside in the forebrain.
	GO:0007257	activation of JUN kinase activity	The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase (JNK).
	GO:0032147	activation of protein kinase activity	Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive protein kinase.
	GO:0006915	apoptotic process	A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.
	GO:0048320	axial mesoderm formation	The process that gives rise to the axial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
	GO:1904885	beta-catenin destruction complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a beta-catenin destruction complex.
	GO:1904886	beta-catenin destruction complex disassembly	The disaggregation of a beta-catenin destruction complex into its constituent components.
	GO:0060070	canonical Wnt signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
	GO:0060823	canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation	The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to the formation of the neural plate anterior/posterior pattern.
	GO:0008219	cell death	Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538).
	GO:0043623	cellular protein complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
	GO:0071407	cellular response to organic cyclic compound	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus.
	GO:0031122	cytoplasmic microtubule organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell.
	GO:0007368	determination of left/right symmetry	The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.
	GO:0009950	dorsal/ventral axis specification	The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.
	GO:0048048	embryonic eye morphogenesis	The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized.
	GO:0060272	embryonic skeletal joint morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of skeletal joints are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. A skeletal joint is the connecting structure between the bones of the skeleton.
	GO:0021797	forebrain anterior/posterior pattern specification	The creation of specific areas of progenitor domains along the anterior-posterior axis of the developing forebrain.
	GO:0007275	multicellular organism development	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
	GO:0055001	muscle cell development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle cell development does not include the steps involved in committing an unspecified cell to the muscle cell fate.
	GO:0030178	negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway.
	GO:0090090	negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.
	GO:0045599	negative regulation of fat cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.
	GO:0034244	negative regulation of transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.
	GO:0030910	olfactory placode formation	The formation of a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity.
	GO:0001743	optic placode formation	The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of an eye.
	GO:0043547	positive regulation of GTPase activity	Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase.
	GO:0046330	positive regulation of JNK cascade	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.
	GO:0090263	positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.
	GO:0033138	positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.
	GO:0010800	positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.
	GO:0045732	positive regulation of protein catabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
	GO:0001934	positive regulation of protein phosphorylation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
	GO:0031398	positive regulation of protein ubiquitination	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.
	GO:2000060	positive regulation of protein ubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein ubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.
	GO:0045893	positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
	GO:0051443	positive regulation of ubiquitin-protein transferase activity	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin transferase activity.
	GO:0043161	proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.
	GO:0035412	regulation of catenin import into nucleus	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the directed movement of a catenin protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
	GO:0007165	signal transduction	The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.
cellular component
	GO:0030877	beta-catenin destruction complex	A cytoplasmic protein complex containing glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta (GSK-3-beta), the adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC), and the scaffolding protein axin, among others; phosphorylates beta-catenin, targets it for degradation by the proteasome.
	GO:0005938	cell cortex	The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.
	GO:0071944	cell periphery	The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures.
	GO:0005737	cytoplasm	All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
	GO:0005881	cytoplasmic microtubule	Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell.
	GO:0031410	cytoplasmic vesicle	A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell.
	GO:0005829	cytosol	The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.
	GO:0016328	lateral plasma membrane	The portion of the plasma membrane at the lateral side of the cell. In epithelial cells, lateral plasma membranes are on the sides of cells which lie at the interface of adjacent cells.
	GO:0016020	membrane	A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.
	GO:0005634	nucleus	A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
	GO:0048471	perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.
	GO:0005886	plasma membrane	The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
	GO:0014069	postsynaptic density of dendrite	An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of the dendrite of asymetric synapses. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.

Chain B (APC_HUMAN | P25054)

molecular function
	GO:0008013	beta-catenin binding	Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the beta subunit of the catenin complex.
	GO:0045296	cadherin binding	Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cadherin, a type I membrane protein involved in cell adhesion.
	GO:0045295	gamma-catenin binding	Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the gamma subunit of the catenin complex.
	GO:0008017	microtubule binding	Interacting selectively and non-covalently with microtubules, filaments composed of tubulin monomers.
	GO:0051010	microtubule plus-end binding	Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the plus end of a microtubule.
	GO:0005515	protein binding	Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
	GO:0032403	protein complex binding	Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
	GO:0019901	protein kinase binding	Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate.
	GO:0019887	protein kinase regulator activity	Modulates the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein.
biological process
	GO:0016055	Wnt signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state.
	GO:1904885	beta-catenin destruction complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a beta-catenin destruction complex.
	GO:1904886	beta-catenin destruction complex disassembly	The disaggregation of a beta-catenin destruction complex into its constituent components.
	GO:0070830	bicellular tight junction assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a tight junction, an occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet.
	GO:0060070	canonical Wnt signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
	GO:0007155	cell adhesion	The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.
	GO:0007050	cell cycle arrest	A regulatory process that halts progression through the cell cycle during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M).
	GO:0001708	cell fate specification	The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.
	GO:0016477	cell migration	The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.
	GO:0006921	cellular component disassembly involved in execution phase of apoptosis	The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis.
	GO:0006974	cellular response to DNA damage stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.
	GO:1990090	cellular response to nerve growth factor stimulus	A process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nerve growth factor stimulus.
	GO:0007163	establishment or maintenance of cell polarity	Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
	GO:0000281	mitotic cytokinesis	A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.
	GO:0007094	mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint	A cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.
	GO:0030178	negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway.
	GO:0090090	negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.
	GO:0008285	negative regulation of cell proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.
	GO:0045736	negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.
	GO:0007026	negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol.
	GO:0031175	neuron projection development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
	GO:0031016	pancreas development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes.
	GO:0007389	pattern specification process	Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
	GO:0043065	positive regulation of apoptotic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
	GO:0030335	positive regulation of cell migration	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.
	GO:0045732	positive regulation of protein catabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
	GO:0031274	positive regulation of pseudopodium assembly	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia.
	GO:0043161	proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.
	GO:0006461	protein complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex.
	GO:0051988	regulation of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore.
	GO:0045595	regulation of cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features.
	GO:2000211	regulation of glutamate metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate metabolic process.
	GO:0032886	regulation of microtubule-based process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton.
	GO:0097305	response to alcohol	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus.
	GO:0042493	response to drug	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.
cellular component
	GO:1990909	Wnt signalosome	A multiprotein protein complex containing membrane-localized Wnt receptors and cytosolic protein complexes, which is capable of transmitting the Wnt signal. Contains at least a Wnt protein, LRP5 or LRP6, a member of the Frizzled (Fz) family, Axin and and a Dishevelled (DVL) protein.
	GO:0005912	adherens junction	A cell junction at which anchoring proteins (cadherins or integrins) extend through the plasma membrane and are attached to actin filaments.
	GO:0044295	axonal growth cone	The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon.
	GO:0030877	beta-catenin destruction complex	A cytoplasmic protein complex containing glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta (GSK-3-beta), the adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC), and the scaffolding protein axin, among others; phosphorylates beta-catenin, targets it for degradation by the proteasome.
	GO:0005923	bicellular tight junction	An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes.
	GO:0016342	catenin complex	Complex of peripheral cytoplasmic proteins (alpha-, beta- and gamma-catenin) that interact with the cytoplasmic region of uvomorulin/E-cadherin to connect it to the actin cytoskeleton.
	GO:0070852	cell body fiber	A neuron projection that is found in unipolar neurons and corresponds to the region between the cell body and the point at which the single projection branches.
	GO:0005938	cell cortex	The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.
	GO:0030054	cell junction	A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix.
	GO:0042995	cell projection	A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
	GO:0005913	cell-cell adherens junction	An adherens junction which connects a cell to another cell.
	GO:0005813	centrosome	A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle.
	GO:0005737	cytoplasm	All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
	GO:0005881	cytoplasmic microtubule	Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell.
	GO:0005856	cytoskeleton	Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles.
	GO:0005829	cytosol	The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.
	GO:0030425	dendrite	A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, often branched, morphology, receives and integrates signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conducts a nerve impulse towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.
	GO:0030426	growth cone	The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon or dendrite.
	GO:0000776	kinetochore	A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.
	GO:0030027	lamellipodium	A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a migrating cell or extending cell process; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.
	GO:0016328	lateral plasma membrane	The portion of the plasma membrane at the lateral side of the cell. In epithelial cells, lateral plasma membranes are on the sides of cells which lie at the interface of adjacent cells.
	GO:0016020	membrane	A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.
	GO:0005874	microtubule	Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle.
	GO:0043005	neuron projection	A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.
	GO:0044306	neuron projection terminus	The specialized, terminal region of a neuron projection such as an axon or a dendrite.
	GO:0043025	neuronal cell body	The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.
	GO:0031965	nuclear membrane	Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.
	GO:0005654	nucleoplasm	That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.
	GO:0005634	nucleus	A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
	GO:0005886	plasma membrane	The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
	GO:0043234	protein complex	A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical.
	GO:0032587	ruffle membrane	The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a ruffle.
	GO:0045202	synapse	The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

Description

Compounds

Structural Features

Chains, Units

Ligands, Modified Residues, Ions (1, 7)

Sites (7, 7)

SS Bonds (0, 0)

Cis Peptide Bonds (0, 0)

Sequence-Structure Mapping

SAPs(SNPs)/Variants (1, 1)

PROSITE Motifs (1, 1)

Exons (2, 2)

Sequences/Alignments

Classification and Annotation

SCOP Domains (1, 1)

CATH Domains (2, 2)

Pfam Domains (0, 0)

Gene Ontology (126, 146)

Visualization

Interactive Views

Still Images

Databases and Analysis Tools

Databases

Analysis Tools

Related Entries

Entries Sharing at Least One Protein Chain (UniProt ID)

Related Entries Specified in the PDB File