Show PDB file:   
         Plain Text   HTML   (compressed file size)
QuickSearch:   
by PDB,NDB,UniProt,PROSITE Code or Search Term(s)  
(-)Asymmetric Unit
(-)Asym. Unit - sites
(-)Biological Unit 1
(-)Biol. Unit 1 - sites
(-)Biological Unit 2
collapse expand < >
Image Asymmetric Unit
Asymmetric Unit  (Jmol Viewer)
Image Asym. Unit - sites
Asym. Unit - sites  (Jmol Viewer)
Image Biological Unit 1
Biological Unit 1  (Jmol Viewer)
Image Biol. Unit 1 - sites
Biol. Unit 1 - sites  (Jmol Viewer)
Image Biological Unit 2
Biological Unit 2  (Jmol Viewer)

(-) Description

Title :  HUMAN FATTY ACID SYNTHASE PSI/KR TRI-DOMAIN WITH NADPH AND GSK2194069
 
Authors :  S. P. Williams, L. Wang, K. K. Brown, C. A. Parrish, M. A. Hardwicke
Date :  09 May 14  (Deposition) - 23 Jul 14  (Release) - 01 Oct 14  (Revision)
Method :  X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Resolution :  2.30
Chains :  Asym. Unit :  A,B
Biol. Unit 1:  A  (1x)
Biol. Unit 2:  B  (1x)
Keywords :  Fatty Acid Synthase, Human Fas, Keto-Reductase, Transferase- Transferase Inhibitor Complex (Keyword Search: [Gene Ontology, PubMed, Web (Google)] )
 
Reference :  M. A. Hardwicke, A. R. Rendina, S. P. Williams, M. L. Moore, L. Wang, J. A. Krueger, R. N. Plant, R. D. Totoritis, G. Zhang, J. Briand, W. A. Burkhart, K. K. Brown, C. A. Parrish
A Human Fatty Acid Synthase Inhibitor Binds Beta-Ketoacyl Reductase In The Keto-Substrate Site.
Nat. Chem. Biol. V. 10 774 2014
PubMed-ID: 25086508  |  Reference-DOI: 10.1038/NCHEMBIO.1603

(-) Compounds

Molecule 1 - FATTY ACID SYNTHASE
    Chains: A, B
    EC Number: 2.3.1.85
    Engineered: YES
    Expression System: SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA
    Expression System Common: FALL ARMYWORM
    Expression System Taxid: 7108
    Expression System Vector Type: BACULOVIRUS
    Fragment: PSI/KR TRI-DOMAIN (UNP RESIDUES 1110-1524, 1877-2114)
    Gene: FASN, FAS
    Mutation: YES
    Organism Common: HUMAN
    Organism Scientific: HOMO SAPIENS
    Organism Taxid: 9606

 Structural Features

(-) Chains, Units

  12
Asymmetric Unit : AB
Biological Unit 1 (1x): A 
Biological Unit 2 (1x):  B

Summary Information (see also Sequences/Alignments below)

(-) Ligands, Modified Residues, Ions  (4, 10)

Asymmetric Unit (4, 10)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
12W42Ligand/Ion4-[4-(1-BENZOFURAN-5-YL)PHENYL]-5-{[(3S)-1-(CYCLOPROPYLCARBONYL)PYRROLIDIN-3-YL]METHYL}-2,4-DIHYDRO-3H-1,2,4-TRIAZOL-3-ONE
2CAC2Ligand/IonCACODYLATE ION
3NDP2Ligand/IonNADPH DIHYDRO-NICOTINAMIDE-ADENINE-DINUCLEOTIDEPHOSPHATE
4SO44Ligand/IonSULFATE ION
Biological Unit 1 (4, 5)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
12W41Ligand/Ion4-[4-(1-BENZOFURAN-5-YL)PHENYL]-5-{[(3S)-1-(CYCLOPROPYLCARBONYL)PYRROLIDIN-3-YL]METHYL}-2,4-DIHYDRO-3H-1,2,4-TRIAZOL-3-ONE
2CAC1Ligand/IonCACODYLATE ION
3NDP1Ligand/IonNADPH DIHYDRO-NICOTINAMIDE-ADENINE-DINUCLEOTIDEPHOSPHATE
4SO42Ligand/IonSULFATE ION
Biological Unit 2 (4, 5)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
12W41Ligand/Ion4-[4-(1-BENZOFURAN-5-YL)PHENYL]-5-{[(3S)-1-(CYCLOPROPYLCARBONYL)PYRROLIDIN-3-YL]METHYL}-2,4-DIHYDRO-3H-1,2,4-TRIAZOL-3-ONE
2CAC1Ligand/IonCACODYLATE ION
3NDP1Ligand/IonNADPH DIHYDRO-NICOTINAMIDE-ADENINE-DINUCLEOTIDEPHOSPHATE
4SO42Ligand/IonSULFATE ION

(-) Sites  (10, 10)

Asymmetric Unit (10, 10)
No.NameEvidenceResiduesDescription
01AC1SOFTWAREPHE A:1880 , CYS A:1881 , PRO A:1882 , TYR A:1887 , LEU A:1904 , TYR A:2015binding site for residue CAC A 2201
02AC2SOFTWAREGLY A:1891 , GLY A:1894 , GLY A:1895 , PHE A:1896 , THR A:1915 , SER A:1916 , ARG A:1917 , SER A:1918 , ASN A:1945 , SER A:1947 , LEU A:1971 , ALA A:1972 , VAL A:1973 , LYS A:1995 , PHE A:2019 , SER A:2020 , TYR A:2034 , TRP A:2060 , GLY A:2061 , ILE A:2063 , GLY A:2067 , ILE A:2068 , LEU A:2069 , 2W4 A:2205 , HOH A:2313 , HOH A:2316 , HOH A:2376 , HOH A:2396 , ARG B:1976binding site for residue NDP A 2202
03AC3SOFTWARECYS A:1118 , HIS A:2103 , MET A:2104 , HOH A:2375binding site for residue SO4 A 2203
04AC4SOFTWAREARG A:1206 , HIS A:1249 , ARG A:1275 , ALA A:1320 , ALA A:1321binding site for residue SO4 A 2204
05AC5SOFTWAREHIS A:1263 , PRO A:1264 , LEU A:1975 , SER A:2021 , SER A:2023 , ARG A:2026 , ASN A:2028 , TYR A:2034 , LEU A:2069 , SER A:2081 , THR A:2083 , NDP A:2202binding site for residue 2W4 A 2205
06AC6SOFTWAREPHE B:1880 , CYS B:1881 , PRO B:1882 , TYR B:1887 , LEU B:1904 , TYR B:2015binding site for residue CAC B 2201
07AC7SOFTWAREGLY B:1891 , GLY B:1894 , GLY B:1895 , PHE B:1896 , THR B:1915 , SER B:1916 , ARG B:1917 , SER B:1918 , ASN B:1945 , SER B:1947 , LEU B:1971 , ALA B:1972 , VAL B:1973 , LYS B:1995 , PHE B:2019 , SER B:2020 , TYR B:2034 , TRP B:2060 , GLY B:2061 , ILE B:2063 , GLY B:2067 , ILE B:2068 , LEU B:2069 , 2W4 B:2205 , HOH B:2310 , HOH B:2311 , HOH B:2327binding site for residue NDP B 2202
08AC8SOFTWARECYS B:1118 , HIS B:2103 , MET B:2104 , HOH B:2393binding site for residue SO4 B 2203
09AC9SOFTWAREARG B:1206 , LEU B:1246 , HIS B:1249 , ARG B:1275 , ALA B:1320 , ALA B:1321binding site for residue SO4 B 2204
10AD1SOFTWAREHIS B:1263 , PRO B:1264 , LEU B:1975 , SER B:2021 , VAL B:2022 , SER B:2023 , ARG B:2026 , GLY B:2027 , ASN B:2028 , TYR B:2034 , VAL B:2080 , SER B:2081 , THR B:2083 , NDP B:2202binding site for residue 2W4 B 2205

(-) SS Bonds  (0, 0)

(no "SS Bond" information available for 4PIV)

(-) Cis Peptide Bonds  (0, 0)

(no "Cis Peptide Bond" information available for 4PIV)

 Sequence-Structure Mapping

(-) SAPs(SNPs)/Variants  (0, 0)

(no "SAP(SNP)/Variant" information available for 4PIV)

(-) PROSITE Motifs  (0, 0)

(no "PROSITE Motif" information available for 4PIV)

(-) Exons   (0, 0)

(no "Exon" information available for 4PIV)

(-) Sequences/Alignments

Asymmetric Unit
   Reformat: Number of residues per line =  ('0' or empty: single-line sequence representation)
  Number of residues per labelling interval =   
  UniProt sequence: complete  aligned part    
   Show mapping: SCOP domains CATH domains Pfam domains Secondary structure (by author)
SAPs(SNPs) PROSITE motifs Exons
(details for a mapped element are shown in a popup box when the mouse pointer rests over it) 
Chain A from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:610
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
               SCOP domains ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SCOP domains
               CATH domains ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author ....eeeeeeeee.eeeee...hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...hhhhhhhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhhhhhhh........hhhhhhhhhhhhhh....eeeeeeehhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.....eeeeeeee.hhhhhhhhhhhhhhh..eeee.......hhhhh.eeeeeee.......hhhhhhhhhhhheeeeeeeeeeeeee.hhhhhhhhhhh....eehhhhhhhhhhh..eeeeeeee...eeeeeee........eeee......hhhhhhhhhhhh......eeeee......hhhhhhhhhh...hhh.eeeeee...............hhhhhhhhhhh..eeeee..eeeeeeeee.............eeeee...hhhhhhhhhhhhhh...eeeee......hhhhhhhhhhhhhh..eeeee.....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.eeeeee........hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh....eeeeeeehhhhh....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh....eeeee...................ee..hhhhhhhhhhhhhh....eeeeeee.. Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                4piv A 1109 MQVPILEKFCFTPHTEEGCLSERAALQEELQLCKGLVQALQTPSQQELPRLLSAACRLAQVLAQERPKLPEDPLLSGLLDSPALKACLDTAVENMPSLKMKVVEVLAGHGHLYSRIPGLLSPHPLLQLSYTATDRHPQALEAAQAELQQHDVAQGQWDPADPAPSALGSADLLVCNCAVAALGDPASALSNMVAALREGGFLLLHTLLRGHPLGDIVAFLTSQGILSQDAWESLFSRVSLRLVGLKKSFYGSTLFLCRRPTPQDSPIFLPVDDTSFRWVESLKGILADEDSARPVWLKAINCATSGVVGLVNCLRREPGGNRLRCVLLSNLSSTSHVPEVDPGSAELQKVLQGDLVMNVYRDGAWGAFRHFLLEEDSKTFCPAHKSYIIAGGLGGFGLELAQWLIQRGVQKLVLTSRSGIRTGYQAKQVRRWRRQGVQVQVSTSNISSLEGARGLIAEAAQLGPVGGVFNLAVVLRDGLLENQTPEFFQDVCKPKYSGTLNLDRVTREACPELDYFVVFSSVSCGRGNAGQSNYGFANSAMERICEKRRHEGLPGLAVQWGAIGDVGILVETNDTIVSGTLPQRMASCLEVLDLFLNQPHMVLSSFVLAE 2113
                                  1118      1128      1138      1148 ||   1180      1200      1210      1220      1230      1240      1250      1260      1270      1280      1290      1300      1310      1320      1330      1340      1350      1360 ||   1376      1386      1396      1406      1416      1426      1436      1446      1456      1466      1476      1486      1496      1506      1516     |1880      1890      1900      1910      1920      1930      1940      1950      1960      1970      1980      1990      2000      2010      2020      2030      2040      2050      2060      2070||    2083      2093      2103      2113
                                                                  1150|           1188|                                                                                                                                                               1362|                                                                                                                                                     1522|                                                                                                                                                                                              2071|                                      
                                                                   1173            1199                                                                                                                                                                1369                                                                                                                                                      1877                                                                                                                                                                                               2075                                      


Chain B from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:610
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
               SCOP domains ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SCOP domains
               CATH domains ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author ...eeeeeeeee.eeeee...hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...hhhhhhhhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhhhhhhh........hhhhhhhhhhhhhh....eeeeeeehhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.....eeeeeeee.hhhhhhhhhhhhhhh..eeee.......hhhhh.eeeeeee.......hhhhhhhhhhhheeeeeeeeeeeeee.hhhhhhhhhhh.....eehhhhhhhhhhh..eeeeeeee...eeeeeee........eeee......hhhhhhhhhhhh......eeeee......hhhhhhhhhh...hhh.eeeeee...............hhhhhhhhhhh..eeeee..eeeeeeeee.............eeeee...hhhhhhhhhhhhhh...eeeee......hhhhhhhhhhhhhh..eeeee.....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.eeeeee........hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh....eeeeeeehhhhh....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh....eeeee......hhhhhh......ee..hhhhhhhhhhhhhh....eeeeeee.. Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                4piv B 1110 QVPILEKFCFTPHTEEGCLSERAALQEELQLCKGLVQALQTPSQQELPRLLSAACRLQAQVLAQERPKLPEDPLLSGLLDSPALKACLDTAVENMPSLKMKVVEVLAGHGHLYSRIPGLLSPHPLLQLSYTATDRHPQALEAAQAELQQHDVAQGQWDPADPAPSALGSADLLVCNCAVAALGDPASALSNMVAALREGGFLLLHTLLRGHPLGDIVAFLTSGQGILSQDAWESLFSRVSLRLVGLKKSFYGSTLFLCRRPTPQDSPIFLPVDDTSFRWVESLKGILADEDSARPVWLKAINCATSGVVGLVNCLRREPGGNRLRCVLLSNLSSTSHVPEVDPGSAELQKVLQGDLVMNVYRDGAWGAFRHFLLEEDSKTFCPAHKSYIIAGGLGGFGLELAQWLIQRGVQKLVLTSRSGIRTGYQAKQVRRWRRQGVQVQVSTSNISSLEGARGLIAEAAQLGPVGGVFNLAVVLRDGLLENQTPEFFQDVCKPKYSGTLNLDRVTREACPELDYFVVFSSVSCGRGNAGQSNYGFANSAMERICEKRRHEGLPGLAVQWGAIGDVGILVETDTIVSGTLPQRMASCLEVLDLFLNQPHMVLSSFVLAE 2113
                                  1119      1129      1139      1149||    1181      1200      1210      1220      1230      1240      1250      1260      1270      1280      1290      1300      1310      1320      1330      1340      1350      1360 ||   1375      1385      1395      1405      1415      1425      1435      1445      1455      1465      1475      1485      1495      1505      1515      1879      1889      1899      1909      1919      1929      1939      1949      1959      1969      1979      1989      1999      2009      2019      2029      2039      2049      2059      2069  ||  2083      2093      2103      2113
                                                                 1150|            1189|                                                                                                                                                               1362|                                                                                                                                                      1522|                                                                                                                                                                                               2072|                                    
                                                                  1173             1199                                                                                                                                                                1368                                                                                                                                                       1877                                                                                                                                                                                                2077
   Legend:   → Mismatch (orange background)
  - → Gap (green background, '-', border residues have a numbering label)
    → Modified Residue (blue background, lower-case, 'x' indicates undefined single-letter code, labelled with number + name)
  x → Chemical Group (purple background, 'x', labelled with number + name, e.g. ACE or NH2)
  extra numbering lines below/above indicate numbering irregularities and modified residue names etc., number ends below/above '|'

 Classification and Annotation

(-) SCOP Domains  (0, 0)

(no "SCOP Domain" information available for 4PIV)

(-) CATH Domains  (0, 0)

(no "CATH Domain" information available for 4PIV)

(-) Pfam Domains  (0, 0)

(no "Pfam Domain" information available for 4PIV)

(-) Gene Ontology  (48, 48)

Asymmetric Unit(hide GO term definitions)

 Visualization

(-) Interactive Views

Asymmetric Unit
  Complete Structure
    Jena3D(integrated viewing of ligand, site, SAP, PROSITE, SCOP information)
    WebMol | AstexViewer[tm]@PDBe
(Java Applets, require no local installation except for Java; loading may be slow)
    STRAP
(Java WebStart application, automatic local installation, requires Java; full application with system access!)
    RasMol
(require local installation)
    Molscript (VRML)
(requires installation of a VRML viewer; select preferred view via VRML and generate a mono or stereo PDF format file)
 
  Ligands, Modified Residues, Ions
    2W4  [ RasMol | Jena3D ]  +environment [ RasMol | Jena3D ]
    CAC  [ RasMol | Jena3D ]  +environment [ RasMol | Jena3D ]
    NDP  [ RasMol | Jena3D ]  +environment [ RasMol | Jena3D ]
    SO4  [ RasMol | Jena3D ]  +environment [ RasMol | Jena3D ]
 
  Sites
    AC1  [ RasMol ]  +environment [ RasMol ]
    AC2  [ RasMol ]  +environment [ RasMol ]
    AC3  [ RasMol ]  +environment [ RasMol ]
    AC4  [ RasMol ]  +environment [ RasMol ]
    AC5  [ RasMol ]  +environment [ RasMol ]
    AC6  [ RasMol ]  +environment [ RasMol ]
    AC7  [ RasMol ]  +environment [ RasMol ]
    AC8  [ RasMol ]  +environment [ RasMol ]
    AC9  [ RasMol ]  +environment [ RasMol ]
    AD1  [ RasMol ]  +environment [ RasMol ]
 
  Cis Peptide Bonds
(no "Cis Peptide Bonds" information available for 4piv)
 
Biological Units
  Complete Structure
    Biological Unit 1  [ Jena3D ]
    Biological Unit 2  [ Jena3D ]

(-) Still Images

Jmol
  protein: cartoon or spacefill or dots and stick; nucleic acid: cartoon and stick; ligands: spacefill; active site: stick
[ Asym. Unit PNG format | Asym. Unit - sites PNG format | Biol. Unit 1 PNG format | Biol. Unit 1 - sites PNG format | Biol. Unit 2 PNG format ](automatic orientation, automatically generated)
Molscript
  protein, nucleic acid: cartoon; ligands: spacefill; active site: ball and stick
[ mono PDF format | stereo PDF format ](default orientation, automatically generated)

 Databases and Analysis Tools

(-) Databases

Access by PDB/NDB ID
  4piv
    Family and Domain Information: ProDom | SYSTERS
    General Structural Information: GlycoscienceDB | MMDB | NDB | OCA | PDB | PDBe | PDBj | PDBsum | PDBWiki | PQS | PROTEOPEDIA
    Orientation in Membranes: OPM
    Protein Surface: SURFACE
    Secondary Structure: DSSP (structure derived) | HSSP (homology derived)
    Structural Genomics: GeneCensus
    Structural Neighbours: CE | VAST
    Structure Classification: CATH | Dali | SCOP
    Validation and Original Data: BMRB Data View | BMRB Restraints Grid | EDS | PROCHECK | RECOORD | WHAT_CHECK
 
Access by UniProt ID/Accession number
  FAS_HUMAN | P49327
    Comparative Protein Structure Models: ModBase
    Genomic Information: Ensembl
    Protein-protein Interaction: DIP
    Sequence, Family and Domain Information: InterPro | Pfam | SMART | UniProtKB/SwissProt
 
Access by Enzyme Classificator   (EC Number)
  2.3.1.85
    General Enzyme Information: BRENDA | EC-PDB | Enzyme | IntEnz
    Pathway: KEGG | MetaCyc
 
Access by Disease Identifier   (MIM ID)
  (no 'MIM ID' available)
    Disease Information: OMIM
 
Access by GenAge ID
  (no 'GenAge ID' available)
    Age Related Information: GenAge

(-) Analysis Tools

Access by PDB/NDB ID
    Domain Information: XDom
    Interatomic Contacts of Structural Units: CSU
    Ligand-protein Contacts: LPC
    Protein Cavities: castP
    Sequence and Secondary Structure: PDBCartoon
    Structure Alignment: STRAP(Java WebStart application, automatic local installation, requires Java; full application with system access!)
    Structure and Sequence Browser: STING
 
Access by UniProt ID/Accession number
  FAS_HUMAN | P49327
    Protein Disorder Prediction: DisEMBL | FoldIndex | GLOBPLOT (for more information see DisProt)

 Related Entries

(-) Entries Sharing at Least One Protein Chain (UniProt ID)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
        FAS_HUMAN | P49327: 1xkt 2cg5 2jfd 2jfk 2px6 3hhd 3tjm 4w82 4w9n 4z49 5c37

(-) Related Entries Specified in the PDB File

(no "Related Entries Specified in the PDB File" available for 4PIV)