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Asym./Biol. Unit  (Jmol Viewer)

(-) Description

Title :  CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE ACTIVIN/ACTRIIB EXTRACELLULAR DOMAIN
 
Authors :  J. Greenwald, M. E. Vega, G. P. Allendorph, W. H. Fischer, W. Vale, S. Cho Center For Structural Genomics (Jcsg)
Date :  19 Jan 04  (Deposition) - 10 Aug 04  (Release) - 13 Jul 11  (Revision)
Method :  X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Resolution :  2.30
Chains :  Asym./Biol. Unit :  A,B,C,D
Keywords :  Structural Genomics, Jcsg, Transferase, Psi, Protein Structure Initiative, Joint Center For Structural Genomics (Keyword Search: [Gene Ontology, PubMed, Web (Google))
 
Reference :  J. Greenwald, M. E. Vega, G. P. Allendorph, W. H. Fischer, W. Vale, S. Choe
A Flexible Activin Explains The Membrane-Dependent Cooperative Assembly Of Tgf-Beta Family Receptors.
Mol. Cell V. 15 485 2004
PubMed-ID: 15304227  |  Reference-DOI: 10.1016/J.MOLCEL.2004.07.011

(-) Compounds

Molecule 1 - ACTIVIN RECEPTOR TYPE IIB PRECURSOR
    ChainsA, C
    EC Number2.7.1.37
    EngineeredYES
    Expression SystemESCHERICHIA COLI
    Expression System Taxid562
    FragmentEXTRACELLULAR DOMAIN
    GeneACVR2B
    Organism CommonHOUSE MOUSE
    Organism ScientificMUS MUSCULUS
    Organism Taxid10090
    SynonymACTR-IIB
 
Molecule 2 - INHIBIN BETA A CHAIN
    ChainsB, D
    EngineeredYES
    Expression SystemCRICETULUS GRISEUS
    Expression System CommonCHINESE HAMSTER
    Expression System Taxid10029
    Expression System Vector TypeBACULOVIRUS
    GeneINHBA
    Organism CommonHUMAN
    Organism ScientificHOMO SAPIENS
    Organism Taxid9606
    SynonymACTIVIN BETA-A CHAIN, ERYTHROID DIFFERENTIATION PROTEIN, EDF

 Structural Features

(-) Chains, Units

  1234
Asymmetric/Biological Unit ABCD

Summary Information (see also Sequences/Alignments below)

(-) Ligands, Modified Residues, Ions  (0, 0)

(no "Ligand,Modified Residues,Ions" information available for 1S4Y)

(-) Sites  (0, 0)

(no "Site" information available for 1S4Y)

(-) SS Bonds  (19, 19)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit
No.Residues
1A:7 -A:37
2A:27 -A:55
3A:62 -A:81
4A:68 -A:80
5A:82 -A:87
6B:4 -B:12
7B:11 -B:81
8B:40 -B:113
9B:44 -B:115
10B:80 -D:80
11C:7 -C:37
12C:27 -C:55
13C:62 -C:81
14C:68 -C:80
15C:82 -C:87
16D:4 -D:12
17D:11 -D:81
18D:40 -D:113
19D:44 -D:115

(-) Cis Peptide Bonds  (3, 3)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit
No.Residues
1Ala B:31 -Pro B:32
2Ala D:31 -Pro D:32
3Cys D:44 -Pro D:45

 Sequence-Structure Mapping

(-) SAPs(SNPs)/Variants  (1, 1)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit (1, 1)
  dbSNPPDB
No.SourceVariant IDVariantUniProt IDStatusIDChainVariant
1UniProtVAR_072641N386SINHBA_HUMANUnclassified  ---BN76S

  SNP/SAP Summary Statistics (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

(-) PROSITE Motifs  (1, 2)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit (1, 2)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1TGF_BETA_1PS00250 TGF-beta family signature.INHBA_HUMAN339-354
 
  2B:29-44
D:29-44

(-) Exons   (1, 2)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit (1, 2)
 ENSEMBLUniProtKBPDB
No.Transcript IDExonExon IDGenome LocationLengthIDLocationLengthCountLocationLength
1.1ENST000002422081ENSE00001410976chr7:41742706-41742603104INHBA_HUMAN-00--
1.2bENST000002422082bENSE00001410336chr7:41740115-41739585531INHBA_HUMAN1-1301300--
1.4cENST000002422084cENSE00001887422chr7:41730140-417247125429INHBA_HUMAN130-4262972B:1-116 (gaps)
D:4-116 (gaps)
116
113

(-) Sequences/Alignments

Asymmetric/Biological Unit
   Reformat: Number of residues per line =  ('0' or empty: single-line sequence representation)
  Number of residues per labelling interval =   
  UniProt sequence: complete  aligned part    
   Show mapping: SCOP domains CATH domains Pfam domains Secondary structure (by author)
SAPs(SNPs) PROSITE motifs Exons
(details for a mapped element are shown in a popup box when the mouse pointer rests over it)
Chain A from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:91
 aligned with AVR2B_MOUSE | P27040 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:536

    Alignment length:91
                                    36        46        56        66        76        86        96       106       116 
          AVR2B_MOUSE    27 RECIYYNANWELERTNQSGLERCEGEQDKRLHCYASWRNSSGTIELVKKGCWLDDFNCYDRQECVATEENPQVYFCCCEGNFCNERFTHLP 117
               SCOP domains d1s4ya_ A: Type II activin receptor                                                         SCOP domains
               CATH domains 1s4yA00 A:5-95 CD59                                                                         CATH domains
               Pfam domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author .eeeeee.hhhhhh...eeeee........eeeeeeeeee..eeeeeeeeeee.hhhhh..............eeeeee............ Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 1s4y A   5 RECIYYNANWELERTNQSGLERCEGEQDKRLHCYASWRNSSGTIELVKKGCWLDDFNCYDRQECVATEENPQVYFCCCEGNFCNERFTHLP  95
                                    14        24        34        44        54        64        74        84        94 

Chain B from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:111
 aligned with INHBA_HUMAN | P08476 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:426

    Alignment length:116
                                   320       330       340       350       360       370       380       390       400       410       420      
          INHBA_HUMAN   311 GLECDGKVNICCKKQFFVSFKDIGWNDWIIAPSGYHANYCEGECPSHIAGTSGSSLSFHSTVINHYRMRGHSPFANLKSCCVPTKLRPMSMLYYDDGQNIIKKDIQNMIVEECGCS 426
               SCOP domains d1s4y  b_ B: Activin A (Inhibin beta A)                                                                              SCOP domains
               CATH domains 1s4yB  00 B:1-116 Cystine-knot cytokines                                                                             CATH domains
               Pfam domains -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author .....--....eee..eee....hhhh.eee..eee..eee...............hhhhhhhhhhhh.---........eeeeeeeeeeeeee.....eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee. Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------S---------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ----------------------------TGF_BETA_1      ------------------------------------------------------------------------ PROSITE
               Transcript 1 Exon 1.4c  PDB: B:1-116 (gaps) UniProt: 130-426 [INCOMPLETE]                                                         Transcript 1
                 1s4y B   1 GLECD--VNICCKKQFFVSFKDIGWNDWIIAPSGYHANYCEGECPSHIAGTSGSSLSFHSTVINHYRMR---PFANLKSCCVPTKLRPMSMLYYDDGQNIIKKDIQNMIVEECGCS 116
                                |  |10        20        30        40        50        60        |-  |     80        90       100       110      
                                5  8                                                           69  73                                           

Chain C from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:95
 aligned with AVR2B_MOUSE | P27040 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:536

    Alignment length:95
                                    35        45        55        65        75        85        95       105       115     
          AVR2B_MOUSE    26 TRECIYYNANWELERTNQSGLERCEGEQDKRLHCYASWRNSSGTIELVKKGCWLDDFNCYDRQECVATEENPQVYFCCCEGNFCNERFTHLPEPG 120
               SCOP domains d1s4yc_ C: Type II activin receptor                                                             SCOP domains
               CATH domains 1s4yC00 C:4-98 CD59                                                                             CATH domains
           Pfam domains (1) -Activin_recp-1s4yC01 C:5-95                                                                --- Pfam domains (1)
           Pfam domains (2) -Activin_recp-1s4yC02 C:5-95                                                                --- Pfam domains (2)
         Sec.struct. author ..eeeeee.hhhhhh...eeeee........eeeeeeee......eeeeeeeee.hhhhh....eee.......eeeee...hhhh.eee..... Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 1s4y C   4 TRECIYYNANWELERTNQSGLERCEGEQDKRLHCYASWRNSSGTIELVKKGCWLDDFNCYDRQECVATEENPQVYFCCCEGNFCNERFTHLPEPG  98
                                    13        23        33        43        53        63        73        83        93     

Chain D from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:96
 aligned with INHBA_HUMAN | P08476 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:426

    Alignment length:113
                                   323       333       343       353       363       373       383       393       403       413       423   
          INHBA_HUMAN   314 CDGKVNICCKKQFFVSFKDIGWNDWIIAPSGYHANYCEGECPSHIAGTSGSSLSFHSTVINHYRMRGHSPFANLKSCCVPTKLRPMSMLYYDDGQNIIKKDIQNMIVEECGCS 426
               SCOP domains d1s4yd_ D: Activin A (Inhibin beta A)                                                                             SCOP domains
               CATH domains 1s4yD00 D:4-116 Cystine-knot cytokines                                                                            CATH domains
           Pfam domains (1) ----TGF_beta-1s4yD01 D:8-116                                                                                      Pfam domains (1)
           Pfam domains (2) ----TGF_beta-1s4yD02 D:8-116                                                                                      Pfam domains (2)
         Sec.struct. author ........eee..eeehhhhhhhh.eee..eee..eee........--------hhhhhhhhhhh..---------.eeeeeeeeeeeeee.....eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee. Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE -------------------------TGF_BETA_1      ------------------------------------------------------------------------ PROSITE
               Transcript 1 Exon 1.4c  PDB: D:4-116 (gaps) UniProt: 130-426 [INCOMPLETE]                                                      Transcript 1
                 1s4y D   4 CDGKVNICCKKQFFVSFKDIGWNDWIIAPSGYHANYCEGECPSHIA--------FHSTVINHYRMRG---------CCVPTKLRPMSMLYYDDGQNIIKKDIQNMIVEECGCS 116
                                    13        23        33        43     |   -    |   63      |  -      | 83        93       103       113   
                                                                        49       58          70        80                                    

   Legend:   → Mismatch (orange background)
  - → Gap (green background, '-', border residues have a numbering label)
    → Modified Residue (blue background, lower-case, 'x' indicates undefined single-letter code, labelled with number + name)
  x → Chemical Group (purple background, 'x', labelled with number + name, e.g. ACE or NH2)
  extra numbering lines below/above indicate numbering irregularities and modified residue names etc., number ends below/above '|'

 Classification and Annotation

(-) SCOP Domains  (2, 4)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit

(-) CATH Domains  (2, 4)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit
(-)
Class: Mainly Beta (13760)

(-) Pfam Domains  (2, 4)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit

(-) Gene Ontology  (121, 125)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit(hide GO term definitions)
Chain A,C   (AVR2B_MOUSE | P27040)
molecular function
    GO:0005524    ATP binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
    GO:0048185    activin binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with activin, a dimer of inhibin-beta subunits.
    GO:0019838    growth factor binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any growth factor, proteins or polypeptides that stimulate a cell or organism to grow or proliferate.
    GO:0034711    inhibin binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an inhibin monomer, any of the polypeptides that combine to form activin and inhibin dimers.
    GO:0016301    kinase activity    Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
    GO:0046872    metal ion binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion.
    GO:0000166    nucleotide binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose.
    GO:0005515    protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
    GO:0004672    protein kinase activity    Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.
    GO:0004674    protein serine/threonine kinase activity    Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.
    GO:0004712    protein serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activity    Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate; and ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate.
    GO:0004702    signal transducer, downstream of receptor, with serine/threonine kinase activity    Conveys a signal from an upstream receptor or intracellular signal transducer by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.
    GO:0016740    transferase activity    Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
    GO:0050431    transforming growth factor beta binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with TGF-beta, transforming growth factor beta, a multifunctional peptide that controls proliferation, differentiation and other functions in many cell types.
    GO:0004675    transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase activity    Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.
biological process
    GO:0030509    BMP signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
    GO:0032147    activation of protein kinase activity    Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive protein kinase.
    GO:0032924    activin receptor signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
    GO:0009952    anterior/posterior pattern specification    The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.
    GO:0060840    artery development    The progression of the artery over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed.
    GO:0001974    blood vessel remodeling    The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.
    GO:0007368    determination of left/right symmetry    The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.
    GO:0048617    embryonic foregut morphogenesis    The process in which the anatomical structures of the foregut are generated and organized, during the embryonic phase.
    GO:0001702    gastrulation with mouth forming second    A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the anus and the mouth forms second.
    GO:0007507    heart development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
    GO:0030073    insulin secretion    The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin.
    GO:0001822    kidney development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
    GO:0030324    lung development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.
    GO:0001946    lymphangiogenesis    Lymph vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing vessels.
    GO:0060836    lymphatic endothelial cell differentiation    The process in which a venous blood vessel endothelial cell acquires specialized features of a lymphatic vessel endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of lymph vessels.
    GO:0007498    mesoderm development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue.
    GO:0000122    negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
    GO:0042475    odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentin-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentin-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and is composed mainly of dentin, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel.
    GO:0035265    organ growth    The increase in size or mass of an organ. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that function together as to perform a specific function.
    GO:0060021    palate development    The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The palate is the partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities.
    GO:0031016    pancreas development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes.
    GO:0007389    pattern specification process    Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
    GO:0016310    phosphorylation    The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide.
    GO:0032927    positive regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.
    GO:0030501    positive regulation of bone mineralization    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.
    GO:0045669    positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.
    GO:0009791    post-embryonic development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development.
    GO:0006468    protein phosphorylation    The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.
    GO:0009966    regulation of signal transduction    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
    GO:0006355    regulation of transcription, DNA-templated    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
    GO:0009749    response to glucose    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.
    GO:0061298    retina vasculature development in camera-type eye    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
    GO:0007165    signal transduction    The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.
    GO:0023014    signal transduction by protein phosphorylation    A process in which the transfer of one or more phosphate groups to a substrate transmits a signal to the phosphorylated substrate.
    GO:0001501    skeletal system development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).
    GO:0048705    skeletal system morphogenesis    The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized.
    GO:0007178    transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses serine/threonine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
    GO:0060841    venous blood vessel development    The progression of the venous blood vessel over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. Venous blood vessels carry blood back to the heart after the capillary bed.
cellular component
    GO:0005737    cytoplasm    All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
    GO:0016021    integral component of membrane    The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
    GO:0016020    membrane    A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.
    GO:0005886    plasma membrane    The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
    GO:0043234    protein complex    A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical.
    GO:0043235    receptor complex    Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.

Chain B,D   (INHBA_HUMAN | P08476)
molecular function
    GO:0005125    cytokine activity    Functions to control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.
    GO:0008083    growth factor activity    The function that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation.
    GO:0005179    hormone activity    The action characteristic of a hormone, any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. The term was originally applied to agents with a stimulatory physiological action in vertebrate animals (as opposed to a chalone, which has a depressant action). Usage is now extended to regulatory compounds in lower animals and plants, and to synthetic substances having comparable effects; all bind receptors and trigger some biological process.
    GO:0042802    identical protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins.
    GO:0034711    inhibin binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an inhibin monomer, any of the polypeptides that combine to form activin and inhibin dimers.
    GO:0017046    peptide hormone binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any peptide with hormonal activity in animals.
    GO:0005515    protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
    GO:0046982    protein heterodimerization activity    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer.
    GO:0005102    receptor binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
    GO:0005160    transforming growth factor beta receptor binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the transforming growth factor beta receptor.
    GO:0070699    type II activin receptor binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type II activin receptor.
biological process
    GO:0000082    G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle    The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated.
    GO:0097154    GABAergic neuron differentiation    The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a GABAergic neuron.
    GO:0060395    SMAD protein signal transduction    The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the activity of a SMAD protein, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell.
    GO:0032924    activin receptor signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
    GO:0007050    cell cycle arrest    A regulatory process that halts progression through the cell cycle during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M).
    GO:0048468    cell development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
    GO:0030154    cell differentiation    The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
    GO:0007166    cell surface receptor signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
    GO:0007267    cell-cell signaling    Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.
    GO:0071397    cellular response to cholesterol    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cholesterol stimulus.
    GO:0071372    cellular response to follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus.
    GO:0006952    defense response    Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.
    GO:0035987    endodermal cell differentiation    The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an endoderm cell, a cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo.
    GO:0030218    erythrocyte differentiation    The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte.
    GO:0097191    extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with either a ligand binding to a cell surface receptor, or a ligand being withdrawn from a cell surface receptor (e.g. in the case of signaling by dependence receptors), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
    GO:0061029    eyelid development in camera-type eye    The progression of the eyelid in a camera-type eye from its formation to the mature state. The eyelid is a membranous cover that helps protect and lubricate the eye.
    GO:0040007    growth    The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell.
    GO:0001942    hair follicle development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hair follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A hair follicle is a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open.
    GO:0002244    hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation    The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells.
    GO:0042541    hemoglobin biosynthetic process    The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.
    GO:0008584    male gonad development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
    GO:0001707    mesoderm formation    The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
    GO:0048333    mesodermal cell differentiation    The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mesoderm cell.
    GO:0045578    negative regulation of B cell differentiation    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.
    GO:0045786    negative regulation of cell cycle    Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
    GO:0030308    negative regulation of cell growth    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
    GO:0008285    negative regulation of cell proliferation    Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.
    GO:0046882    negative regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone.
    GO:0045077    negative regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma.
    GO:0045650    negative regulation of macrophage differentiation    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.
    GO:0042326    negative regulation of phosphorylation    Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.
    GO:0007399    nervous system development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.
    GO:0042476    odontogenesis    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food.
    GO:0001541    ovarian follicle development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
    GO:0060021    palate development    The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The palate is the partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities.
    GO:0032270    positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
    GO:0045648    positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.
    GO:2001241    positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.
    GO:0046881    positive regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone.
    GO:0010628    positive regulation of gene expression    Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
    GO:0060279    positive regulation of ovulation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ovulation, the release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.
    GO:0010862    positive regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation    Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
    GO:0045944    positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
    GO:0045893    positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
    GO:0042701    progesterone secretion    The regulated release of progesterone, a steroid hormone, by the corpus luteum of the ovary and by the placenta.
    GO:0043408    regulation of MAPK cascade    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade.
    GO:0046880    regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone.
    GO:0006357    regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
    GO:0042493    response to drug    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.
    GO:0021773    striatal medium spiny neuron differentiation    The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a medium spiny neuron residing in the striatum.
cellular component
    GO:0043509    activin A complex    A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta-A subunits (sometimes known as activin beta-A or activin/inhibin beta-A).
    GO:0005576    extracellular region    The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
    GO:0005615    extracellular space    That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.
    GO:0043512    inhibin A complex    Heterodimeric hormone composed of an inhibin alpha subunit complexed with an inhibin beta-A subunit.
    GO:0048471    perinuclear region of cytoplasm    Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

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        AVR2B_MOUSE | P270402h62 2h64
        INHBA_HUMAN | P084761nys 1nyu 2arp 2arv 2b0u 2p6a 3b4v 4mid 5hly 5hlz

(-) Related Entries Specified in the PDB File

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