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(-) Description

Title :  X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN CERULOPLASMIN AT 3.0 ANGSTROMS
 
Authors :  G. L. Card, V. N. Zaitsev, P. F. Lindley
Date :  25 Sep 96  (Deposition) - 12 Feb 97  (Release) - 13 Jul 11  (Revision)
Method :  X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Resolution :  3.00
Chains :  Asym./Biol. Unit :  A
Keywords :  Oxidoreductase, Ceruloplasmin, Multi-Copper Oxidase, Plasma Protein (Keyword Search: [Gene Ontology, PubMed, Web (Google))
 
Reference :  I. Zaitseva, V. Zaitsev, G. Card, K. Moshkov, B. Bax, A. Ralph, P. Lindley
The X-Ray Structure Of Human Serum Ceruloplasmin At 3. 1 Angstrom: Nature Of The Copper Centres.
J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. V. 1 15 1996
PubMed: search

(-) Compounds

Molecule 1 - CERULOPLASMIN
    ChainsA
    EC Number1.16.3.1
    OrganPLASMA
    Organism CommonHUMAN
    Organism ScientificHOMO SAPIENS
    Organism Taxid9606
    TissuePLASMA

 Structural Features

(-) Chains, Units

  1
Asymmetric/Biological Unit A

Summary Information (see also Sequences/Alignments below)

(-) Ligands, Modified Residues, Ions  (3, 12)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit (3, 12)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1CU8Ligand/IonCOPPER (II) ION
2NAG2Ligand/IonN-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE
3O2Ligand/IonOXYGEN ATOM

(-) Sites  (18, 18)

Asymmetric Unit (18, 18)
No.NameEvidenceResiduesDescription
01AC1SOFTWAREASN A:119 , ILE A:1016BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAG A 1047
02AC2SOFTWAREASN A:743BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAG A 1048
03AC3SOFTWAREHIS A:276 , CYS A:319 , HIS A:324BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE CU A 1049
04AC4SOFTWAREHIS A:163 , HIS A:980 , HIS A:1020 , CU A:1051 , O A:1057BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE CU A 1050
05AC5SOFTWAREHIS A:103 , HIS A:161 , HIS A:1022 , CU A:1050 , CU A:1052 , O A:1057BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE CU A 1051
06AC6SOFTWAREHIS A:101 , HIS A:103 , HIS A:978 , HIS A:980 , CU A:1051 , O A:1057 , O A:1058BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE CU A 1052
07AC7SOFTWAREHIS A:637 , CYS A:680 , HIS A:685 , MET A:690BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE CU A 1053
08AC8SOFTWAREHIS A:602 , ASP A:684BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE CU A 1054
09AC9SOFTWARELEU A:974 , HIS A:975 , CYS A:1021 , HIS A:1026 , MET A:1031BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE CU A 1055
10BC1SOFTWAREGLU A:935 , HIS A:940 , ASP A:1025BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE CU A 1056
11BC2SOFTWAREHIS A:103 , HIS A:161 , HIS A:163 , HIS A:978 , HIS A:980 , HIS A:1020 , HIS A:1022 , CU A:1050 , CU A:1051 , CU A:1052BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE O A 1057
12BC3SOFTWAREHIS A:101 , SER A:102 , HIS A:103 , TYR A:107 , HIS A:978 , HIS A:980 , CU A:1052BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE O A 1058
13CU1UNKNOWNCU A:1049 , HIS A:276 , CYS A:319 , HIS A:324 , LEU A:329TYPE I CU BINDING SITE IN DOMAIN 2. AT BEST LEU 329 MAY HAVE VAN DER WAALS CONTACT WITH THE CU.
14CU2UNKNOWNCU A:1053 , HIS A:637 , CYS A:680 , HIS A:685 , MET A:690TYPE I CU BINDING SITE IN DOMAIN 4.
15CU3UNKNOWNCU A:1054 , GLU A:597 , HIS A:602 , ASP A:684 , GLU A:971LABILE CU BINDING SITE IN DOMAIN 4.
16CU4UNKNOWNCU A:1055 , HIS A:975 , CYS A:1021 , HIS A:1026 , MET A:1031TYPE I CU BINDING SITE IN DOMAIN 6.
17CU5UNKNOWNCU A:1056 , GLU A:272 , GLU A:935 , HIS A:940 , ASP A:1025LABILE CU BINDING SITE IN DOMAIN 6.
18TRIUNKNOWNCU A:1050 , CU A:1051 , O A:1057 , CU A:1052 , O A:1058 , HIS A:101 , HIS A:103 , HIS A:161 , HIS A:163 , HIS A:978 , HIS A:980 , HIS A:1020 , HIS A:1022TRINUCLEAR CENTER. CU31 AND 32 ARE THE PAIR OF TYPE III CU AND CU34 IS THE TYPE II CU. O33 BRIDGES CU 31 - 32 AND O35 BRIDGES Y 107 - CU 34.

(-) SS Bonds  (5, 5)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit
No.Residues
1A:155 -A:181
2A:257 -A:338
3A:515 -A:541
4A:618 -A:699
5A:855 -A:881

(-) Cis Peptide Bonds  (0, 0)

(no "Cis Peptide Bond" information available for 1KCW)

 Sequence-Structure Mapping

(-) SAPs(SNPs)/Variants  (7, 7)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit (7, 7)
  dbSNPPDB
No.SourceVariant IDVariantUniProt IDStatusIDChainVariant
1UniProtVAR_025655I63TCERU_HUMANUnclassified  ---AI44T
2UniProtVAR_032815R367CCERU_HUMANPolymorphism34624984AR348C
3UniProtVAR_025656P477LCERU_HUMANPolymorphism35331711AP458L
4UniProtVAR_025657D544ECERU_HUMANPolymorphism701753AD525E
5UniProtVAR_025658T551ICERU_HUMANPolymorphism  ---AT532I
6UniProtVAR_025659R793HCERU_HUMANPolymorphism  ---AR774H
7UniProtVAR_025660T841RCERU_HUMANPolymorphism56033670AT822R

  SNP/SAP Summary Statistics (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

(-) PROSITE Motifs  (2, 4)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit (2, 4)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1MULTICOPPER_OXIDASE1PS00079 Multicopper oxidases signature 1.CERU_HUMAN332-352
693-713
1034-1054
  3A:313-333
A:674-694
A:1015-1035
2MULTICOPPER_OXIDASE2PS00080 Multicopper oxidases signature 2.CERU_HUMAN1039-1050  1A:1020-1031

(-) Exons   (18, 18)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit (18, 18)
 ENSEMBLUniProtKBPDB
No.Transcript IDExonExon IDGenome LocationLengthIDLocationLengthCountLocationLength
1.1aENST000002646131aENSE00001008197chr3:148939842-148939434409CERU_HUMAN1-49491A:1-3030
1.3ENST000002646133ENSE00001893178chr3:148930485-148930238248CERU_HUMAN49-132841A:30-11384
1.4bENST000002646134bENSE00001245608chr3:148928166-148927954213CERU_HUMAN132-203721A:113-18472
1.5aENST000002646135aENSE00001245605chr3:148927171-148926998174CERU_HUMAN203-261591A:184-24259
1.6bENST000002646136bENSE00001008187chr3:148925404-148925150255CERU_HUMAN261-346861A:242-32786
1.7ENST000002646137ENSE00001008205chr3:148924126-148923955172CERU_HUMAN346-403581A:327-384 (gaps)58
1.8ENST000002646138ENSE00001008195chr3:148920028-148919889140CERU_HUMAN403-450481A:384-43148
1.9bENST000002646139bENSE00001008184chr3:148917651-148917499153CERU_HUMAN450-501521A:431-47444
1.10aENST0000026461310aENSE00001008182chr3:148916365-148916154212CERU_HUMAN501-571711A:483-55270
1.11bENST0000026461311bENSE00001008188chr3:148905989-148905839151CERU_HUMAN572-622511A:553-60351
1.12aENST0000026461312aENSE00001008204chr3:148904519-148904307213CERU_HUMAN622-693721A:603-67472
1.13aENST0000026461313aENSE00001008200chr3:148903233-148903026208CERU_HUMAN693-762701A:674-74370
1.14ENST0000026461314ENSE00001008190chr3:148901392-148901253140CERU_HUMAN762-809481A:743-79048
1.15ENST0000026461315ENSE00001008201chr3:148899920-148899792129CERU_HUMAN809-852441A:790-83344
1.16cENST0000026461316cENSE00000779559chr3:148897449-148897343107CERU_HUMAN852-887361A:833-86836
1.17ENST0000026461317ENSE00001245534chr3:148896418-148896202217CERU_HUMAN888-960731A:869-941 (gaps)73
1.18aENST0000026461318aENSE00001245525chr3:148895766-148895627140CERU_HUMAN960-1006471A:941-98747
1.19cENST0000026461319cENSE00001245656chr3:148894199-148894037163CERU_HUMAN1007-1061551A:988-104053
1.20cENST0000026461320cENSE00001915536chr3:148891517-1488902861232CERU_HUMAN1061-106550--

(-) Sequences/Alignments

Asymmetric/Biological Unit
   Reformat: Number of residues per line =  ('0' or empty: single-line sequence representation)
  Number of residues per labelling interval =   
  UniProt sequence: complete  aligned part    
   Show mapping: SCOP domains CATH domains Pfam domains Secondary structure (by author)
SAPs(SNPs) PROSITE motifs Exons
(details for a mapped element are shown in a popup box when the mouse pointer rests over it)
Chain A from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:1017
 aligned with CERU_HUMAN | P00450 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:1065

    Alignment length:1040
                                    29        39        49        59        69        79        89        99       109       119       129       139       149       159       169       179       189       199       209       219       229       239       249       259       269       279       289       299       309       319       329       339       349       359       369       379       389       399       409       419       429       439       449       459       469       479       489       499       509       519       529       539       549       559       569       579       589       599       609       619       629       639       649       659       669       679       689       699       709       719       729       739       749       759       769       779       789       799       809       819       829       839       849       859       869       879       889       899       909       919       929       939       949       959       969       979       989       999      1009      1019      1029      1039      1049      1059
          CERU_HUMAN     20 KEKHYYIGIIETTWDYASDHGEKKLISVDTEHSNIYLQNGPDRIGRLYKKALYLQYTDETFRTTIEKPVWLGFLGPIIKAETGDKVYVHLKNLASRPYTFHSHGITYYKEHEGAIYPDNTTDFQRADDKVYPGEQYTYMLLATEEQSPGEGDGNCVTRIYHSHIDAPKDIASGLIGPLIICKKDSLDKEKEKHIDREFVVMFSVVDENFSWYLEDNIKTYCSEPEKVDKDNEDFQESNRMYSVNGYTFGSLPGLSMCAEDRVKWYLFGMGNEVDVHAAFFHGQALTNKNYRIDTINLFPATLFDAYMVAQNPGEWMLSCQNLNHLKAGLQAFFQVQECNKSSSKDNIRGKHVRHYYIAAEEIIWNYAPSGIDIFTKENLTAPGSDSAVFFEQGTTRIGGSYKKLVYREYTDASFTNRKERGPEEEHLGILGPVIWAEVGDTIRVTFHNKGAYPLSIEPIGVRFNKNNEGTYYSPNYNPQSRSVPPSASHVAPTETFTYEWTVPKEVGPTNADPVCLAKMYYSAVDPTKDIFTGLIGPMKICKKGSLHANGRQKDVDKEFYLFPTVFDENESLLLEDNIRMFTTAPDQVDKEDEDFQESNKMHSMNGFMYGNQPGLTMCKGDSVVWYLFSAGNEADVHGIYFSGNTYLWRGERRDTANLFPQTSLTLHMWPDTEGTFNVECLTTDHYTGGMKQKYTVNQCRRQSEDSTFYLGERTYYIAAVEVEWDYSPQREWEKELHHLQEQNVSNAFLDKGEFYIGSKYKKVVYRQYTDSTFRVPVERKAEEEHLGILGPQLHADVGDKVKIIFKNMATRPYSIHAHGVQTESSTVTPTLPGETLTYVWKIPERSGAGTEDSACIPWAYYSTVDQVKDLYSGLIGPLIVCRRPYLKVFNPRRKLEFALLFLVFDENESWYLDDNIKTYSDHPEKVNKDDEEFIESNKMHAINGRMFGNLQGLTMHVGDEVNWYLMGMGNEIDLHTVHFHGHSFQYKHRGVYSSDVFDIFPGTYQTLEMFPRTPGIWLLHCHVTDHIHAGMETTYTVLQN 1059
               SCOP domains d1kcwa1 A:1-192 Ceruloplasmin                                                                                                                                                                   d1kcwa2 A:193-338 Ceruloplasmin                                                                                                                           d1kcwa3 A:347-553 Ceruloplasmin                                                                                                                                                                                d1kcwa4 A:554-705 Ceruloplasmin                                                                                                                         d1kcwa5 A:706-884 Ceruloplasmin                                                                                                                                                           d1kcwa6 A:892-1040 Ceruloplasmin                                                                                                                      SCOP domains
               CATH domains 1kcwA01 A:1-192 Cupredoxins -  blue copper proteins                                                                                                                                             1kcwA02 A:193-338 Cupredoxins -  blue copper proteins                                                                                                     1kcwA03 A:347-553 Cupredoxins -  blue copper proteins                                                                                                                                                          1kcwA04 A:554-705 Cupredoxins -  blue copper proteins                                                                                                   1kcwA05 A:706-884 Cupredoxins -  blue copper proteins                                                                                                                                     1kcwA06 A:892-1040 Cupredoxins -  blue copper proteins                                                                                                CATH domains
           Pfam domains (1) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cu-oxidase-1kcwA01 A:202-338                                                                                                             -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cu-oxidase_3-1kcwA03 A:772-884                                                                                   ----------------------------Cu-oxidase_2-1kcwA02 A:913-1040                                                                                                  Pfam domains (1)
           Pfam domains (2) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cu-oxidase_3-1kcwA04 A:772-884                                                                                   ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Pfam domains (2)
         Sec.struct. author ...eeeeeee..eee...............................eee..eeeee............hhh......eeee.....eeeee..............................hhh..........eeeee...............eeeeeee....hhhhhhh..eeeeeee..............eeeeee.eeee......hhhhhhhh...hhh.....hhhhhhheeee............eee..eeeeeeee........eeeee.............eeee....eeeeeeee...eeeeeee..hhhhhh..eeeeeee..--------.....eeeeeeeeeeeeee.....................hhhh.........eeeeeeeee..............hhhhh......eeee..eeeeeeee.........eee...............--------............eeeeeeee............eeeeeee....hhhhhhh..eeeeeee...............eeeeeeeeeeehhh.hhhhhhhhhh...........hhhhhh.eeeee...........eee....eeeeee........eeeee....eee..eee.eeee....eeeeee.....eeeeeee..hhhhh...eeeeeee...............eeeeeeeeeeeee.....hhhhhhhhhh..................eeeeeeeeee............hhhhhh......eeee..eeeeeeeee...........................eeeeeeee.hhh........eeeeeee......hhhh...eeeeeee...-------..eeeeeeeeeeee......hhhhhhhh...hhh.....hhhhhhheeeee...........eee...eeeeeeee......eeeeee................eeeee...eeeeee.....eeeeeee..hhhhhh..eeeeeee.. Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) -------------------------------------------T---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------L------------------------------------------------------------------E------I-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------H-----------------------------------------------R-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                PROSITE (1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MULTICOPPER_OXIDASE1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MULTICOPPER_OXIDASE1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MULTICOPPER_OXIDASE1 ----- PROSITE (1)
                PROSITE (2) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MULTICOPPER_--------- PROSITE (2)
           Transcript 1 (1) Exon 1.1a  PDB: A:1-30        ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Exon 1.4b  PDB: A:113-184 UniProt: 132-203                              ---------------------------------------------------------Exon 1.6b  PDB: A:242-327 UniProt: 261-346                                            --------------------------------------------------------Exon 1.8  PDB: A:384-431 UniProt: 403-450       --------------------------------------------------Exon 1.10a  PDB: A:483-552 UniProt: 501-571 [INCOMPLETE]               Exon 1.11b  PDB: A:553-603 UniProt: 572-622        ----------------------------------------------------------------------Exon 1.13a  PDB: A:674-743 UniProt: 693-762                           ----------------------------------------------Exon 1.15  PDB: A:790-833 UniProt: 809-852  -----------------------------------Exon 1.17  PDB: A:869-941 (gaps) UniProt: 888-960                        ----------------------------------------------Exon 1.19c  PDB: A:988-1040 UniProt: 1007-1061        Transcript 1 (1)
           Transcript 1 (2) -----------------------------Exon 1.3  PDB: A:30-113 UniProt: 49-132                                             ----------------------------------------------------------------------Exon 1.5a  PDB: A:184-242 UniProt: 203-261                 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Exon 1.7  PDB: A:327-384 (gaps) UniProt: 346-403          ----------------------------------------------Exon 1.9b  PDB: A:431-474 UniProt: 450-501          ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Exon 1.12a  PDB: A:603-674 UniProt: 622-693                             --------------------------------------------------------------------Exon 1.14  PDB: A:743-790 UniProt: 762-809      ------------------------------------------Exon 1.16c  PDB: A:833-868          ------------------------------------------------------------------------Exon 1.18a  PDB: A:941-987 UniProt: 960-1006   ----------------------------------------------------- Transcript 1 (2)
                1kcw A    1 KEKHYYIGIIETTWDYASDHGEKKLISVDTEHSNIYLQNGPDRIGRLYKKALYLQYTDETFRTTIEKPVWLGFLGPIIKAETGDKVYVHLKNLASRPYTFHSHGITYYKEHEGAIYPDNTTDFQRADDKVYPGEQYTYMLLATEEQSPGEGDGNCVTRIYHSHIDAPKDIASGLIGPLIICKKDSLDKEKEKHIDREFVVMFSVVDENFSWYLEDNIKTYCSEPEKVDKDNEDFQESNRMYSVNGYTFGSLPGLSMCAEDRVKWYLFGMGNEVDVHAAFFHGQALTNKNYRIDTINLFPATLFDAYMVAQNPGEWMLSCQNLNHLKAGLQAFFQVQEC--------IRGKHVRHYYIAAEEIIWNYAPSGIDIFTKENLTAPGSDSAVFFEQGTTRIGGSYKKLVYREYTDASFTNRKERGPEEEHLGILGPVIWAEVGDTIRVTFHNKGAYPLSIEPIGVRFNKNNEGTYYSP--------VPPSASHVAPTETFTYEWTVPKEVGPTNADPVCLAKMYYSAVDPTKDIFTGLIGPMKICKKGSLHANGRQKDVDKEFYLFPTVFDENESLLLEDNIRMFTTAPDQVDKEDEDFQESNKMHSMNGFMYGNQPGLTMCKGDSVVWYLFSAGNEADVHGIYFSGNTYLWRGERRDTANLFPQTSLTLHMWPDTEGTFNVECLTTDHYTGGMKQKYTVNQCRRQSEDSTFYLGERTYYIAAVEVEWDYSPQREWEKELHHLQEQNVSNAFLDKGEFYIGSKYKKVVYRQYTDSTFRVPVERKAEEEHLGILGPQLHADVGDKVKIIFKNMATRPYSIHAHGVQTESSTVTPTLPGETLTYVWKIPERSGAGTEDSACIPWAYYSTVDQVKDLYSGLIGPLIVCRRP-------RRKLEFALLFLVFDENESWYLDDNIKTYSDHPEKVNKDDEEFIESNKMHAINGRMFGNLQGLTMHVGDEVNWYLMGMGNEIDLHTVHFHGHSFQYKHRGVYSSDVFDIFPGTYQTLEMFPRTPGIWLLHCHVTDHIHAGMETTYTVLQN 1040
                                    10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80        90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160       170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240       250       260       270       280       290       300       310       320       330       | -      |350       360       370       380       390       400       410       420       430       440       450       460       470   |     -  |    490       500       510       520       530       540       550       560       570       580       590       600       610       620       630       640       650       660       670       680       690       700       710       720       730       740       750       760       770       780       790       800       810       820       830       840       850       860       870       880   |     - |     900       910       920       930       940       950       960       970       980       990      1000      1010      1020      1030      1040
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           338      347                                                                                                                            474      483                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              884     892                                                                                                                                                    

   Legend:   → Mismatch (orange background)
  - → Gap (green background, '-', border residues have a numbering label)
    → Modified Residue (blue background, lower-case, 'x' indicates undefined single-letter code, labelled with number + name)
  x → Chemical Group (purple background, 'x', labelled with number + name, e.g. ACE or NH2)
  extra numbering lines below/above indicate numbering irregularities and modified residue names etc., number ends below/above '|'

 Classification and Annotation

(-) SCOP Domains  (1, 6)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit

(-) CATH Domains  (1, 6)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit
(-)
Class: Mainly Beta (13760)

(-) Pfam Domains  (3, 4)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit

(-) Gene Ontology  (21, 21)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit(hide GO term definitions)
Chain A   (CERU_HUMAN | P00450)
molecular function
    GO:0051087    chaperone binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a chaperone protein, a class of proteins that bind to nascent or unfolded polypeptides and ensure correct folding or transport.
    GO:0005507    copper ion binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper (Cu) ions.
    GO:0004322    ferroxidase activity    Catalysis of the reaction: 4 Fe2+ + 4 H+ + O2 = 4 Fe3+ + 2 H2O.
    GO:0046872    metal ion binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion.
    GO:0016491    oxidoreductase activity    Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.
biological process
    GO:0007568    aging    A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700).
    GO:0006879    cellular iron ion homeostasis    Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of iron ions at the level of a cell.
    GO:0006825    copper ion transport    The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
    GO:0006811    ion transport    The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
    GO:0001889    liver development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes.
    GO:0030324    lung development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.
    GO:0055114    oxidation-reduction process    A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons.
    GO:0046688    response to copper ion    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a copper ion stimulus.
    GO:0007584    response to nutrient    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus.
    GO:0006810    transport    The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein.
cellular component
    GO:0046658    anchored component of plasma membrane    The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products that are tethered to the membrane only by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid group, that is embedded in the membrane. Gene products with peptide sequences that are embedded in the membrane are excluded from this grouping.
    GO:0072562    blood microparticle    A phospholipid microvesicle that is derived from any of several cell types, such as platelets, blood cells, endothelial cells, or others, and contains membrane receptors as well as other proteins characteristic of the parental cell. Microparticles are heterogeneous in size, and are characterized as microvesicles free of nucleic acids.
    GO:0070062    extracellular exosome    A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.
    GO:0005576    extracellular region    The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
    GO:0005615    extracellular space    That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.
    GO:0005765    lysosomal membrane    The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm.

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 Related Entries

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        CERU_HUMAN | P004502j5w 4ejx 4enz

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