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Asym./Biol. Unit (Jmol Viewer)

Asym./Biol. Unit - sites (Jmol Viewer)

Title :   CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN THIOREDOXIN REDUCTASE-THIOREDOXIN COMPLEX

Authors :   K. Fritz-Wolf, S. Kehr, M. Stumpf, S. Rahlfs, K. Becker

Date :   21 Jan 11 (Deposition) - 27 Jul 11 (Release) - 27 Jul 11 (Revision)

Method :   X-RAY DIFFRACTION

Resolution :   2.60

Chains :   Asym./Biol. Unit : A,B,C,D

Keywords :   Protein-Protein Complex, Rossmann Fold, Thioredoxin Fold, Homodimeric Pyridine Nucleotide Disulfide Oxidoreductase, Electron Transport, Oxidoreductase (Keyword Search: [Gene Ontology, PubMed, Web (Google)] )

Reference :   K. Fritz-Wolf, S. Kehr, M. Stumpf, S. Rahlfs, K. Becker
Crystal Structure Of The Human Thioredoxin Reductase-Thioredoxin Complex
Nat Commun V. 2 383 2011
PubMed-ID: 21750537 | Reference-DOI: 10.1038/NCOMMS1382

Molecule 1 - THIOREDOXIN REDUCTASE 1, CYTOPLASMIC
	Chains	:	A, B
	EC Number	:	1.8.1.9
	Engineered	:	YES
	Expression System	:	ESCHERICHIA COLI
	Expression System Plasmid	:	PET28A(+)
	Expression System Strain	:	BL21
	Expression System Taxid	:	562
	Expression System Vector Type	:	PLASMID
	Gene	:	GRIM12, KDRF, TXNRD1
	Mutation	:	YES
	Organism Common	:	HUMAN
	Organism Scientific	:	HOMO SAPIENS
	Organism Taxid	:	9606
	Synonym	:	TR, GENE ASSOCIATED WITH RETINOIC AND INTERFERON-INDUCED MORTALITY 12 PROTEIN, GRIM-12, GENE ASSOCIATED WITH RETINOIC AND IFN- INDUCED MORTALITY 12 PROTEIN, KM-102-DERIVED REDUCTASE-LIKE FACTOR, THIOREDOXIN REDUCTASE TR1

Molecule 2 - THIOREDOXIN
	Chains	:	C, D
	Engineered	:	YES
	Expression System	:	ESCHERICHIA COLI
	Expression System Plasmid	:	PQE30
	Expression System Strain	:	M15
	Expression System Taxid	:	562
	Expression System Vector Type	:	PLASMID
	Gene	:	TRDX, TRX, TRX1, TXN
	Mutation	:	YES
	Organism Common	:	HUMAN
	Organism Scientific	:	HOMO SAPIENS
	Organism Taxid	:	9606
	Synonym	:	TRX, ATL-DERIVED FACTOR, ADF, SURFACE-ASSOCIATED SULPHYDRYL PROTEIN, SASP

		1	2	3	4
Asymmetric/Biological Unit	:	A	B	C	D

Summary Information (see also Sequences/Alignments below)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit (2, 8)

No.	Name	Count	Type	Full Name
1	FAD	2	Ligand/Ion	FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE
2	GOL	6	Ligand/Ion	GLYCEROL

Asymmetric Unit (8, 8)

No.	Name	Evidence	Residues	Description
1	AC1	SOFTWARE	GLY A:19 , GLY A:20 , GLY A:21 , SER A:22 , GLY A:23 , LEU A:41 , ASP A:42 , PHE A:43 , GLY A:57 , THR A:58 , CYS A:59 , VAL A:62 , GLY A:63 , CYS A:64 , LYS A:67 , TYR A:131 , GLY A:132 , ALA A:160 , THR A:161 , GLY A:162 , TYR A:200 , ARG A:293 , ILE A:300 , GLY A:333 , ASP A:334 , GLU A:341 , LEU A:342 , THR A:343 , PRO A:344 , HOH A:502 , HOH A:531 , HOH A:603 , HIS B:472 , HOH B:524	BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE FAD A 600
2	AC2	SOFTWARE	LYS A:235 , GLU A:238 , GLU A:242 , TYR A:405 , ASN A:419 , LYS A:420	BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE GOL A 801
3	AC3	SOFTWARE	GLU A:368 , ASN A:369 , GLY A:384 , LEU A:385	BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE GOL A 802
4	AC4	SOFTWARE	HIS A:472 , SER B:22 , CYS B:59 , TYR B:116 , ILE B:347	BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE GOL A 804
5	AC5	SOFTWARE	ALA A:74 , LEU A:75 , GLY A:207 , GLY A:211 , PRO A:377 , HOH A:549	BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE GOL A 806
6	AC6	SOFTWARE	HIS A:472 , PRO A:473 , HOH A:530 , ILE B:18 , GLY B:19 , GLY B:20 , GLY B:21 , SER B:22 , GLY B:23 , LEU B:41 , ASP B:42 , PHE B:43 , GLY B:57 , THR B:58 , CYS B:59 , VAL B:62 , GLY B:63 , CYS B:64 , LYS B:67 , TYR B:131 , GLY B:132 , ALA B:160 , THR B:161 , GLY B:162 , TYR B:200 , ARG B:293 , ILE B:300 , GLY B:333 , ASP B:334 , GLU B:341 , LEU B:342 , THR B:343 , PRO B:344 , HOH B:501 , HOH B:504 , HOH B:528 , HOH B:569	BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE FAD B 600
7	AC7	SOFTWARE	SER B:415 , ASN B:418 , GLY B:496 , SER B:497	BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE GOL B 807
8	AC8	SOFTWARE	GLY A:496 , SER A:497 , GLY A:499 , SER B:111 , GLY B:115 , LYS D:72	BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE GOL B 808

Asymmetric/Biological Unit

No.	Residues
1	A:59	-	A:64
2	A:498	-	D:32
3	B:59	-	B:64
4	B:498	-	C:32

Asymmetric/Biological Unit

No.	Residues
1	Thr A:263	-	Pro A:264
2	His A:472	-	Pro A:473
3	Thr B:263	-	Pro B:264
4	His B:472	-	Pro B:473
5	Met C:74	-	Pro C:75
6	Met D:74	-	Pro D:75

Asymmetric/Biological Unit (1, 2)

								dbSNP	PDB
No.	Source	Variant ID	Variant			UniProt ID	Status	ID	Chain	Variant
1	UniProt	VAR_051776	D	365	G	TRXR1_HUMAN	Polymorphism	1127954	A/B	D	215	G

SNP/SAP Summary Statistics (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit (3, 6)

	PROSITE			UniProtKB		PDB
No.	ID	AC	Description	ID	Location	Count	Location
1	THIOREDOXIN_2	PS51352	Thioredoxin domain profile.	THIO_HUMAN	1-105	2	C:2-105 D:2-105
2	THIOREDOXIN_1	PS00194	Thioredoxin family active site.	THIO_HUMAN	24-42	2	C:24-42 D:24-42
3	PYRIDINE_REDOX_1	PS00076	Pyridine nucleotide-disulphide oxidoreductases class-I active site.	TRXR1_HUMAN	206-216	2	A:56-66 B:56-66

Asymmetric/Biological Unit (5, 10)

	ENSEMBL					UniProtKB			PDB
No.	Transcript ID	Exon	Exon ID	Genome Location	Length	ID	Location	Length	Count	Location	Length
1.1a	ENST00000374517	1a	ENSE00001463713	chr9:113018920-113018692	229	THIO_HUMAN	1-8	8	2	C:1-8 D:1-8	8 8
1.2	ENST00000374517	2	ENSE00000806083	chr9:113013742-113013638	105	THIO_HUMAN	9-43	35	2	C:9-43 D:9-43	35 35
1.3	ENST00000374517	3	ENSE00000806082	chr9:113013159-113013100	60	THIO_HUMAN	44-63	20	2	C:44-63 D:44-63	20 20
1.4b	ENST00000374517	4b	ENSE00000806081	chr9:113007123-113007058	66	THIO_HUMAN	64-85	22	2	C:64-85 D:64-85	22 22
1.5b	ENST00000374517	5b	ENSE00001945358	chr9:113006499-113006091	409	THIO_HUMAN	86-105	20	2	C:86-105 D:86-105	20 20

Asymmetric/Biological Unit

Reformat:	Number of residues per line = ('0' or empty: single-line sequence representation)
	Number of residues per labelling interval =
	UniProt sequence: complete aligned part

Show mapping:	SCOP domains	CATH domains	Pfam domains	Secondary structure (by author)
	SAPs(SNPs)	PROSITE motifs	Exons
	(details for a mapped element are shown in a popup box when the mouse pointer rests over it)

Chain A from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:495
 aligned with TRXR1_HUMAN | Q16881 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:649

    Alignment length:495
                                   164       174       184       194       204       214       224       234       244       254       264       274       284       294       304       314       324       334       344       354       364       374       384       394       404       414       424       434       444       454       464       474       484       494       504       514       524       534       544       554       564       574       584       594       604       614       624       634       644     
          TRXR1_HUMAN   155 EDLPKSYDYDLIIIGGGSGGLAAAKEAAQYGKKVMVLDFVTPTPLGTRWGLGGTCVNVGCIPKKLMHQAALLGQALQDSRNYGWKVEETVKHDWDRMIEAVQNHIGSLNWGYRVALREKKVVYENAYGQFIGPHRIKATNNKGKEKIYSAERFLIATGERPRYLGIPGDKEYCISSDDLFSLPYCPGKTLVVGASYVALECAGFLAGIGLDVTVMVRSILLRGFDQDMANKIGEHMEEHGIKFIRQFVPIKVEQIEAGTPGRLRVVAQSTNSEEIIEGEYNTVMLAIGRDACTRKIGLETVGVKINEKTGKIPVTDEEQTNVPYIYAIGDILEDKVELTPVAIQAGRLLAQRLYAGSTVKCDYENVPTTVFTPLEYGACGLSEEKAVEKFGEENIEVYHSYFWPLEWTIPSRDNNKCYAKIICNTKDNERVVGFHVLGPNAGEVTQGFAAALKCGLTKKQLDSTIGIHPVCAEVFTTLSVTKRSGASILQAGCUG 649
               SCOP domains --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SCOP domains
               CATH domains --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author ........eeeeee..hhhhhhhhhhhhhhh..eeee...............hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.........hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh..eee.ee..eee..eeeeee....eeeeeeeeeee...eee......hhhhheehhhhhh........eeee..hhhhhhhhhhhhhh...eeee.........hhhhhhhhhhhhhhh..eee..eeeeeeeeee.....eeeeeeee.....eeeeee.eeee...eee.................................eee..........hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...........eee.....eeeee.hhhhhhhhhh...eeeeeeee.hhhhh........eeeeeeee.hhh.eeeeeeee..hhhhhhhhhhhhhh...hhhhhhh......hhhhhhhh.................. Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------G-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ---------------------------------------------------PYRIDINE_RE------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 3qfb A   5 EDLPKSYDYDLIIIGGGSGGLAAAKEAAQYGKKVMVLDFVTPTPLGTRWGLGGTCVNVGCIPKKLMHQAALLGQALQDSRNYGWKVEETVKHDWDRMIEAVQNHIGSLNWGYRVALREKKVVYENAYGQFIGPHRIKATNNKGKEKIYSAERFLIATGERPRYLGIPGDKEYCISSDDLFSLPYCPGKTLVVGASYVALECAGFLAGIGLDVTVMVRSILLRGFDQDMANKIGEHMEEHGIKFIRQFVPIKVEQIEAGTPGRLRVVAQSTNSEEIIEGEYNTVMLAIGRDACTRKIGLETVGVKINEKTGKIPVTDEEQTNVPYIYAIGDILEDKVELTPVAIQAGRLLAQRLYAGSTVKCDYENVPTTVFTPLEYGACGLSEEKAVEKFGEENIEVYHSYFWPLEWTIPSRDNNKCYAKIICNTKDNERVVGFHVLGPNAGEVTQGFAAALKCGLTKKQLDSTIGIHPVCAEVFTTLSVTKRSGASILQAGSCG 499
                                    14        24        34        44        54        64        74        84        94       104       114       124       134       144       154       164       174       184       194       204       214       224       234       244       254       264       274       284       294       304       314       324       334       344       354       364       374       384       394       404       414       424       434       444       454       464       474       484       494

Chain B from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:491
 aligned with TRXR1_HUMAN | Q16881 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:649

    Alignment length:491
                                   168       178       188       198       208       218       228       238       248       258       268       278       288       298       308       318       328       338       348       358       368       378       388       398       408       418       428       438       448       458       468       478       488       498       508       518       528       538       548       558       568       578       588       598       608       618       628       638       648 
          TRXR1_HUMAN   159 KSYDYDLIIIGGGSGGLAAAKEAAQYGKKVMVLDFVTPTPLGTRWGLGGTCVNVGCIPKKLMHQAALLGQALQDSRNYGWKVEETVKHDWDRMIEAVQNHIGSLNWGYRVALREKKVVYENAYGQFIGPHRIKATNNKGKEKIYSAERFLIATGERPRYLGIPGDKEYCISSDDLFSLPYCPGKTLVVGASYVALECAGFLAGIGLDVTVMVRSILLRGFDQDMANKIGEHMEEHGIKFIRQFVPIKVEQIEAGTPGRLRVVAQSTNSEEIIEGEYNTVMLAIGRDACTRKIGLETVGVKINEKTGKIPVTDEEQTNVPYIYAIGDILEDKVELTPVAIQAGRLLAQRLYAGSTVKCDYENVPTTVFTPLEYGACGLSEEKAVEKFGEENIEVYHSYFWPLEWTIPSRDNNKCYAKIICNTKDNERVVGFHVLGPNAGEVTQGFAAALKCGLTKKQLDSTIGIHPVCAEVFTTLSVTKRSGASILQAGCUG 649
               SCOP domains ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SCOP domains
               CATH domains ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author ....eeeeee..hhhhhhhhhhhhhhh..eeee...............hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh..........hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.eeee.....eee..eeeee.....eeeeeeeeeee...eee......hhhhheehhhhhh........eeee..hhhhhhhhhhhhhh...eeeee........hhhhhhhhhhhhhhh..eeee.eeeeeeeeee.....eeeeeeee.....eeeeee.eeee...eee.................................eee..........hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...........eee.....eeeee.hhhhhhhhhh...eeeeeeee.hhhhhh.......eeeeeeee.hhh.eeeeeeee..hhhhhhhhhhhhhh...hhhhhhh......hhhhhhhh.................. Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------G-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE -----------------------------------------------PYRIDINE_RE------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 3qfb B   9 KSYDYDLIIIGGGSGGLAAAKEAAQYGKKVMVLDFVTPTPLGTRWGLGGTCVNVGCIPKKLMHQAALLGQALQDSRNYGWKVEETVKHDWDRMIEAVQNHIGSLNWGYRVALREKKVVYENAYGQFIGPHRIKATNNKGKEKIYSAERFLIATGERPRYLGIPGDKEYCISSDDLFSLPYCPGKTLVVGASYVALECAGFLAGIGLDVTVMVRSILLRGFDQDMANKIGEHMEEHGIKFIRQFVPIKVEQIEAGTPGRLRVVAQSTNSEEIIEGEYNTVMLAIGRDACTRKIGLETVGVKINEKTGKIPVTDEEQTNVPYIYAIGDILEDKVELTPVAIQAGRLLAQRLYAGSTVKCDYENVPTTVFTPLEYGACGLSEEKAVEKFGEENIEVYHSYFWPLEWTIPSRDNNKCYAKIICNTKDNERVVGFHVLGPNAGEVTQGFAAALKCGLTKKQLDSTIGIHPVCAEVFTTLSVTKRSGASILQAGSCG 499
                                    18        28        38        48        58        68        78        88        98       108       118       128       138       148       158       168       178       188       198       208       218       228       238       248       258       268       278       288       298       308       318       328       338       348       358       368       378       388       398       408       418       428       438       448       458       468       478       488       498

Chain C from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:105
 aligned with THIO_HUMAN | P10599 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:105

    Alignment length:105
                                    10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80        90       100     
           THIO_HUMAN     1 MVKQIESKTAFQEALDAAGDKLVVVDFSATWCGPCKMIKPFFHSLSEKYSNVIFLEVDVDDCQDVASECEVKCMPTFQFFKKGQKVGEFSGANKEKLEATINELV 105
               SCOP domains d3qfbc_ C: automated matches                                                                              SCOP domains
               CATH domains --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author ......hhhhhhhhhhhh....eeeeee...hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...eeeeee...hhhhhhhhh.....eeeeee..eeeeeee..hhhhhhhhhhhh. Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                PROSITE (1) THIOREDOXIN_2  PDB: C:2-105 UniProt: 1-105                                                                PROSITE (1)
                PROSITE (2) -----------------------THIOREDOXIN_1      --------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE (2)
               Transcript 1 1.1a    Exon 1.2  PDB: C:9-43 UniProt: 9-43Exon 1.3            Exon 1.4b  PDB: C:64-8Exon 1.5b            Transcript 1
                 3qfb C   1 SVKQIESKTAFQEALDAAGDKLVVVDFSATWCGPSKMIKPFFHSLSEKYSNVIFLEVDVDDCQDVASECEVKSMPTFQFFKKGQKVGEFSGANKEKLEATINELV 105
                                    10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80        90       100

Chain D from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:105
 aligned with THIO_HUMAN | P10599 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:105

    Alignment length:105
                                    10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80        90       100     
           THIO_HUMAN     1 MVKQIESKTAFQEALDAAGDKLVVVDFSATWCGPCKMIKPFFHSLSEKYSNVIFLEVDVDDCQDVASECEVKCMPTFQFFKKGQKVGEFSGANKEKLEATINELV 105
               SCOP domains d3qfbd_ D: automated matches                                                                              SCOP domains
               CATH domains --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author ..eee..hhhhhh.........eeeeee...hhhhhhhhhhhhh..........eeee...hhhhhhhh......eeeee....eeeeee..hhhhhhhhhhh.. Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                PROSITE (1) THIOREDOXIN_2  PDB: D:2-105 UniProt: 1-105                                                                PROSITE (1)
                PROSITE (2) -----------------------THIOREDOXIN_1      --------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE (2)
               Transcript 1 1.1a    Exon 1.2  PDB: D:9-43 UniProt: 9-43Exon 1.3            Exon 1.4b  PDB: D:64-8Exon 1.5b            Transcript 1
                 3qfb D   1 SVKQIESKTAFQEALDAAGDKLVVVDFSATWCGPSKMIKPFFHSLSEKYSNVIFLEVDVDDCQDVASECEVKSMPTFQFFKKGQKVGEFSGANKEKLEATINELV 105
                                    10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80        90       100

Legend:		→ Mismatch	(orange background)
	-	→ Gap	(green background, '-', border residues have a numbering label)
		→ Modified Residue	(blue background, lower-case, 'x' indicates undefined single-letter code, labelled with number + name)
	x	→ Chemical Group	(purple background, 'x', labelled with number + name, e.g. ACE or NH2)
	extra numbering lines below/above indicate numbering irregularities and modified residue names etc., number ends below/above '\|'

Asymmetric/Biological Unit

Classes(

)

Folds(

)

Superfamilies( (-)

)

Families(

)

Protein Domains( (-)

)

Organisms( (-)

)

Class: Alpha and beta proteins (a/b) (23833)

Fold: Thioredoxin fold (994)

Superfamily: Thioredoxin-like (992)

Family: Thioltransferase (167)

Protein domain: automated matches (27)

Human (Homo sapiens) [TaxId: 9606] (6)

1a	d3qfbc_	C:
1b	d3qfbd_	D:

(no "CATH Domain" information available for 3QFB)

(no "Pfam Domain" information available for 3QFB)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit(hide GO term definitions)

Chain A,B (TRXR1_HUMAN | Q16881)

molecular function
	GO:0009055	electron carrier activity	Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport chain. An electron transport chain is a process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
	GO:0050660	flavin adenine dinucleotide binding	Interacting selectively and non-covalently with FAD, flavin-adenine dinucleotide, the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in either the oxidized form, FAD, or the reduced form, FADH2.
	GO:0098626	methylseleninic acid reductase activity	Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + CH3SeO2H => NADP+ + CH3SeOH + H2O.
	GO:0098625	methylselenol reductase activity	Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + CH3SeOH => NADP+ + CH3SeH + H2O
	GO:0016491	oxidoreductase activity	Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.
	GO:0016668	oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, NAD(P) as acceptor	Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.
	GO:0005515	protein binding	Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
	GO:0015035	protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity	Catalysis of the reaction: a protein with reduced sulfide groups = a protein with oxidized disulfide bonds.
	GO:0004791	thioredoxin-disulfide reductase activity	Catalysis of the reaction: NADP(+) + thioredoxin = H(+) + NADPH + thioredoxin disulfide.
biological process
	GO:0008283	cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
	GO:0045454	cell redox homeostasis	Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell.
	GO:0098869	cellular oxidant detoxification	Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity superoxide radicals or hydrogen peroxide.
	GO:0007369	gastrulation	A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
	GO:0001707	mesoderm formation	The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
	GO:0015949	nucleobase-containing small molecule interconversion	The chemical reactions and pathways by which a nucleobase, nucleoside or nucleotide small molecule is synthesized from another nucleobase, nucleoside or nucleotide small molecule.
	GO:0055114	oxidation-reduction process	A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons.
	GO:0000302	response to reactive oxygen species	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.
	GO:0001887	selenium compound metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain selenium, such as selenocysteine.
	GO:0007165	signal transduction	The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.
cellular component
	GO:0005737	cytoplasm	All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
	GO:0005829	cytosol	The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.
	GO:0070062	extracellular exosome	A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.
	GO:0005739	mitochondrion	A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.
	GO:0005634	nucleus	A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

Chain C,D (THIO_HUMAN | P10599)

molecular function
	GO:0016671	oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, disulfide as acceptor	Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces disulfide.
	GO:0015037	peptide disulfide oxidoreductase activity	Catalysis of the reaction: a peptide with reduced sulfide groups = a peptide with oxidized disulfide bonds.
	GO:0005515	protein binding	Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
	GO:0015035	protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity	Catalysis of the reaction: a protein with reduced sulfide groups = a protein with oxidized disulfide bonds.
biological process
	GO:0032148	activation of protein kinase B activity	Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase B.
	GO:0008283	cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
	GO:0045454	cell redox homeostasis	Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell.
	GO:0007267	cell-cell signaling	Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.
	GO:0006662	glycerol ether metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol.
	GO:0006928	movement of cell or subcellular component	The directed, self-propelled movement of a cell or subcellular component without the involvement of an external agent such as a transporter or a pore.
	GO:1903206	negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death.
	GO:0046826	negative regulation of protein export from nucleus	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
	GO:0000122	negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
	GO:0015949	nucleobase-containing small molecule interconversion	The chemical reactions and pathways by which a nucleobase, nucleoside or nucleotide small molecule is synthesized from another nucleobase, nucleoside or nucleotide small molecule.
	GO:0055114	oxidation-reduction process	A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons.
	GO:0043388	positive regulation of DNA binding	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
	GO:0033138	positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.
	GO:0051897	positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B.
	GO:0006457	protein folding	The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure.
	GO:0030091	protein repair	The process of restoring a protein to its original state after damage by such things as oxidation or spontaneous decomposition of residues.
	GO:0033158	regulation of protein import into nucleus, translocation	Any process that modulates the vectorial transfer of a protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
	GO:0006355	regulation of transcription, DNA-templated	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
	GO:0009314	response to radiation	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.
	GO:0000302	response to reactive oxygen species	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.
	GO:0007165	signal transduction	The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.
	GO:0000103	sulfate assimilation	The pathways by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds.
	GO:0006351	transcription, DNA-templated	The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA.
cellular component
	GO:0005737	cytoplasm	All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
	GO:0005829	cytosol	The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.
	GO:0070062	extracellular exosome	A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.
	GO:0005576	extracellular region	The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
	GO:0005739	mitochondrion	A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.
	GO:0005654	nucleoplasm	That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.
	GO:0005634	nucleus	A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

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