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(-) Description

Title :  CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE GDF-5:BMP RECEPTOR IB COMPLEX.
 
Authors :  A. Kotzsch, T. D. Mueller
Date :  13 Oct 08  (Deposition) - 10 Mar 09  (Release) - 13 Jul 11  (Revision)
Method :  X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Resolution :  2.10
Chains :  Asym. Unit :  B,C
Biol. Unit 1:  B,C  (2x)
Keywords :  Ligand-Receptor Complex, Cystin-Knot Ligand; Three-Finger Toxn Fold (Receptor), Cleavage On Pair Of Basic Residues, Cytokine, Disease Mutation, Dwarfism, Glycoprotein, Growth Factor, Secreted, Atp- Binding, Kinase, Magnesium, Manganese, Membrane, Metal-Binding, Nucleotide-Binding, Receptor, Serine/Threonine-Protein Kinase, Transferase, Transmembrane, Cytokine-Transferase Receptor Complex (Keyword Search: [Gene Ontology, PubMed, Web (Google))
 
Reference :  A. Kotzsch, J. Nickel, A. Seher, W. Sebald, T. D. Muller
Crystal Structure Analysis Reveals A Spring-Loaded Latch As Molecular Mechanism For Gdf-5-Type I Receptor Specificity.
Embo J. V. 28 937 2009
PubMed-ID: 19229295  |  Reference-DOI: 10.1038/EMBOJ.2009.37

(-) Compounds

Molecule 1 - GROWTH/DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 5
    ChainsB
    EngineeredYES
    Expression SystemESCHERICHIA COLI
    Expression System PlasmidRBSIIN25X/O
    Expression System StrainBL21(DE3)
    Expression System Taxid562
    Expression System Vector TypePLASMID
    FragmentUNP RESIDUES 387-501
    GeneCDMP1, GDF5
    Organism CommonHUMAN
    Organism ScientificHOMO SAPIENS
    Organism Taxid9606
    StrainU2OS
    SynonymGDF-5, CARTILAGE-DERIVED MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN 1, CDMP-1, RADOTERMIN
 
Molecule 2 - BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTOR TYPE-1B
    ChainsC
    EngineeredYES
    Expression SystemESCHERICHIA COLI
    Expression System PlasmidPET32A
    Expression System StrainAD494(DE3)
    Expression System Taxid562
    Expression System Vector TypePLASMID
    FragmentEXTRACELLULAR DOMAIN
    GeneACVRLK6, BMPR1B
    Organism CommonMOUSE
    Organism ScientificMUS MUSCULUS
    Organism Taxid10090
    SynonymSERINE/THREONINE-PROTEIN KINASE RECEPTOR R6, SKR6, ACTIVIN RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 6, ALK-6

 Structural Features

(-) Chains, Units

  12
Asymmetric Unit BC
Biological Unit 1 (2x)BC

Summary Information (see also Sequences/Alignments below)

(-) Ligands, Modified Residues, Ions  (0, 0)

(no "Ligand,Modified Residues,Ions" information available for 3EVS)

(-) Sites  (0, 0)

(no "Site" information available for 3EVS)

(-) SS Bonds  (9, 9)

Asymmetric Unit
No.Residues
1B:19 -B:85
2B:48 -B:117
3B:52 -B:119
4B:84 -B:84
5C:19 -C:40
6C:21 -C:25
7C:34 -C:58
8C:68 -C:82
9C:83 -C:89

(-) Cis Peptide Bonds  (2, 2)

Asymmetric Unit
No.Residues
1Ala B:39 -Pro B:40
2Phe B:54 -Pro B:55

 Sequence-Structure Mapping

(-) SAPs(SNPs)/Variants  (13, 13)

Asymmetric Unit (13, 13)
  dbSNPPDB
No.SourceVariant IDVariantUniProt IDStatusIDChainVariant
01UniProtVAR_064416R399CGDF5_HUMANDisease (BDA1C)  ---BR18C
02UniProtVAR_017407C400YGDF5_HUMANDisease (AMDG)  ---BC19Y
03UniProtVAR_073141W414RGDF5_HUMANDisease (SYNS2)  ---BW33R
04UniProtVAR_054911P436TGDF5_HUMANDisease (DPS)  ---BP55T
05UniProtVAR_026545R438LGDF5_HUMANDisease (SYM1B)  ---BR57L
06UniProtVAR_037980S439TGDF5_HUMANDisease (DPS)  ---BS58T
07UniProtVAR_037981H440LGDF5_HUMANDisease (DPS)  ---BH59L
08UniProtVAR_017408L441PGDF5_HUMANDisease (SYNS2)28936683BL60P
09UniProtVAR_073142N445KGDF5_HUMANDisease (SYNS2)  ---BN64K
10UniProtVAR_073143N445TGDF5_HUMANDisease (SYNS2)  ---BN64T
11UniProtVAR_037982S475NGDF5_HUMANDisease (SYNS2)  ---BS94N
12UniProtVAR_074162V486MGDF5_HUMANDisease (BDC)  ---BV105M
13UniProtVAR_037983E491KGDF5_HUMANDisease (SYM1B)  ---BE110K

  SNP/SAP Summary Statistics (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
Biological Unit 1 (13, 26)
  dbSNPPDB
No.SourceVariant IDVariantUniProt IDStatusIDChainVariant
01UniProtVAR_064416R399CGDF5_HUMANDisease (BDA1C)  ---BR18C
02UniProtVAR_017407C400YGDF5_HUMANDisease (AMDG)  ---BC19Y
03UniProtVAR_073141W414RGDF5_HUMANDisease (SYNS2)  ---BW33R
04UniProtVAR_054911P436TGDF5_HUMANDisease (DPS)  ---BP55T
05UniProtVAR_026545R438LGDF5_HUMANDisease (SYM1B)  ---BR57L
06UniProtVAR_037980S439TGDF5_HUMANDisease (DPS)  ---BS58T
07UniProtVAR_037981H440LGDF5_HUMANDisease (DPS)  ---BH59L
08UniProtVAR_017408L441PGDF5_HUMANDisease (SYNS2)28936683BL60P
09UniProtVAR_073142N445KGDF5_HUMANDisease (SYNS2)  ---BN64K
10UniProtVAR_073143N445TGDF5_HUMANDisease (SYNS2)  ---BN64T
11UniProtVAR_037982S475NGDF5_HUMANDisease (SYNS2)  ---BS94N
12UniProtVAR_074162V486MGDF5_HUMANDisease (BDC)  ---BV105M
13UniProtVAR_037983E491KGDF5_HUMANDisease (SYM1B)  ---BE110K

  SNP/SAP Summary Statistics (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

(-) PROSITE Motifs  (1, 1)

Asymmetric Unit (1, 1)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1TGF_BETA_1PS00250 TGF-beta family signature.GDF5_HUMAN418-433  1B:37-52
Biological Unit 1 (1, 2)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1TGF_BETA_1PS00250 TGF-beta family signature.GDF5_HUMAN418-433  2B:37-52

(-) Exons   (1, 1)

Asymmetric Unit (1, 1)
 ENSEMBLUniProtKBPDB
No.Transcript IDExonExon IDGenome LocationLengthIDLocationLengthCountLocationLength
1.3aENST000003743693aENSE00001463316chr20:34026023-34025078946GDF5_HUMAN1-2112110--
1.4ENST000003743694ENSE00001463322chr20:34022581-340211451437GDF5_HUMAN211-5012911B:17-120104

(-) Sequences/Alignments

Asymmetric Unit
   Reformat: Number of residues per line =  ('0' or empty: single-line sequence representation)
  Number of residues per labelling interval =   
  UniProt sequence: complete  aligned part    
   Show mapping: SCOP domains CATH domains Pfam domains Secondary structure (by author)
SAPs(SNPs) PROSITE motifs Exons
(details for a mapped element are shown in a popup box when the mouse pointer rests over it)
Chain B from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:104
 aligned with GDF5_HUMAN | P43026 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:501

    Alignment length:104
                                   407       417       427       437       447       457       467       477       487       497    
           GDF5_HUMAN   398 ARCSRKALHVNFKDMGWDDWIIAPLEYEAFHCEGLCEFPLRSHLEPTNHAVIQTLMNSMDPESTPPTCCVPTRLSPISILFIDSANNVVYKQYEDMVVESCGCR 501
               SCOP domains d3evsb_ B: automated matches                                                                             SCOP domains
               CATH domains 3evsB00 B:17-120 Cystine-knot cytokines                                                                  CATH domains
               Pfam domains -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author ...eee..eee.hhhhhhh.eee..eee..eee.......hhhhh.hhhhhhhhhhhhhh........eeeeeeeeeeeeee.....eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee. Sec.struct. author
             SAPs(SNPs) (1) -CY-------------R---------------------T-LTLP---K-----------------------------N----------M----K---------- SAPs(SNPs) (1)
             SAPs(SNPs) (2) -----------------------------------------------T-------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs) (2)
                    PROSITE --------------------TGF_BETA_1      -------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
               Transcript 1 Exon 1.4  PDB: B:17-120 UniProt: 211-501 [INCOMPLETE]                                                    Transcript 1
                 3evs B  17 ARCSRKALHVNFKDMGWDDWIIAPLEYEAFHCEGLCEFPLRSHLEPTNHAVIQTLMNSMDPESTPPTCCVPTRLSPISILFIDSANNVVYKQYEDMVVESCGCR 120
                                    26        36        46        56        66        76        86        96       106       116    

Chain C from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:85
 aligned with BMR1B_MOUSE | P36898 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:502

    Alignment length:85
                                    38        48        58        68        78        88        98       108     
          BMR1B_MOUSE    29 ILRCKCHHHCPEDSVNNICSTDGYCFTMIEEDDSGMPVVTSGCLGLEGSDFQCRDTPIPHQRRSIECCTERNECNKDLHPTLPPL 113
               SCOP domains d3evsc_ C: automated matches                                                          SCOP domains
               CATH domains 3evsC00 C:16-100 CD59                                                                 CATH domains
               Pfam domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author .eeee............eeee..eeeeeeee.....eeeeeeee...hhhhhh.........eeeeee....hhhhhh....... Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 3evs C  16 ILRCKCHHHCPEDSVNNICSTDGYCFTMIEEDDSGMPVVTSGCLGLEGSDFQCRDTPIPHQRRSIECCTERNECNKDLHPTLPPL 100
                                    25        35        45        55        65        75        85        95     

   Legend:   → Mismatch (orange background)
  - → Gap (green background, '-', border residues have a numbering label)
    → Modified Residue (blue background, lower-case, 'x' indicates undefined single-letter code, labelled with number + name)
  x → Chemical Group (purple background, 'x', labelled with number + name, e.g. ACE or NH2)
  extra numbering lines below/above indicate numbering irregularities and modified residue names etc., number ends below/above '|'

 Classification and Annotation

(-) SCOP Domains  (2, 2)

Asymmetric Unit

(-) CATH Domains  (2, 2)

Asymmetric Unit
(-)
Class: Mainly Beta (13760)

(-) Pfam Domains  (0, 0)

(no "Pfam Domain" information available for 3EVS)

(-) Gene Ontology  (81, 89)

Asymmetric Unit(hide GO term definitions)
Chain B   (GDF5_HUMAN | P43026)
molecular function
    GO:0036122    BMP binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family.
    GO:0005125    cytokine activity    Functions to control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.
    GO:0008083    growth factor activity    The function that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation.
    GO:0042802    identical protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins.
    GO:0005515    protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
    GO:0005102    receptor binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
    GO:0005160    transforming growth factor beta receptor binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the transforming growth factor beta receptor.
biological process
    GO:0007184    SMAD protein import into nucleus    The directed movement of a SMAD proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
    GO:0060395    SMAD protein signal transduction    The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the activity of a SMAD protein, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell.
    GO:0051216    cartilage development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
    GO:0048468    cell development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
    GO:0007267    cell-cell signaling    Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.
    GO:0060591    chondroblast differentiation    The process in which a mesenchymal cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondroblast. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a chondroblast fate. A chondroblast is a precursor cell to chondrocytes.
    GO:0002062    chondrocyte differentiation    The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
    GO:0030326    embryonic limb morphogenesis    The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping.
    GO:0035136    forelimb morphogenesis    The process in which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human.
    GO:0040007    growth    The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell.
    GO:0035137    hindlimb morphogenesis    The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindlimb are generated and organized.
    GO:0032331    negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.
    GO:0050680    negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation    Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.
    GO:2001054    negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process    Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process.
    GO:0043524    negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.
    GO:0030513    positive regulation of BMP signaling pathway    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity.
    GO:0032332    positive regulation of chondrocyte differentiation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.
    GO:0098779    positive regulation of macromitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization    The macromitophagy process that is triggered by a detection of the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential.
    GO:0045666    positive regulation of neuron differentiation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
    GO:0010862    positive regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation    Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
    GO:0043408    regulation of MAPK cascade    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade.
    GO:0042981    regulation of apoptotic process    Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process.
    GO:0040014    regulation of multicellular organism growth    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size.
    GO:0007179    transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
    GO:0007178    transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses serine/threonine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
cellular component
    GO:0005576    extracellular region    The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
    GO:0005615    extracellular space    That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.
    GO:0005622    intracellular    The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.
    GO:0016020    membrane    A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.
    GO:0005886    plasma membrane    The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

Chain C   (BMR1B_MOUSE | P36898)
molecular function
    GO:0005524    ATP binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
    GO:0046332    SMAD binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a SMAD signaling protein.
    GO:0016301    kinase activity    Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
    GO:0046872    metal ion binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion.
    GO:0000166    nucleotide binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose.
    GO:0005515    protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
    GO:0004672    protein kinase activity    Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.
    GO:0004674    protein serine/threonine kinase activity    Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.
    GO:0004702    signal transducer, downstream of receptor, with serine/threonine kinase activity    Conveys a signal from an upstream receptor or intracellular signal transducer by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.
    GO:0016740    transferase activity    Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
    GO:0005025    transforming growth factor beta receptor activity, type I    Combining with a complex of transforming growth factor beta and a type II TGF-beta receptor to initiate a change in cell activity; upon binding, acts as a downstream transducer of TGF-beta signals.
    GO:0005024    transforming growth factor beta-activated receptor activity    Combining with a transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.
    GO:0004675    transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase activity    Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.
biological process
    GO:0030509    BMP signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
    GO:0043010    camera-type eye development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.
    GO:0001502    cartilage condensation    The condensation of mesenchymal cells that have been committed to differentiate into chondrocytes.
    GO:0051216    cartilage development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
    GO:0030154    cell differentiation    The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
    GO:0071773    cellular response to BMP stimulus    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) stimulus.
    GO:0071363    cellular response to growth factor stimulus    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.
    GO:0002063    chondrocyte development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.
    GO:0002062    chondrocyte differentiation    The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
    GO:0009953    dorsal/ventral pattern formation    The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.
    GO:0060350    endochondral bone morphogenesis    The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone.
    GO:0006703    estrogen biosynthetic process    The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.
    GO:0001654    eye development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight.
    GO:0006954    inflammatory response    The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.
    GO:0035108    limb morphogenesis    The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb are generated and organized. A limb is a paired appendage of a tetrapod used for locomotion or grasping.
    GO:1902731    negative regulation of chondrocyte proliferation    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
    GO:0001550    ovarian cumulus expansion    Increase in size of the cumulus surrounding the oocyte including change in morphology due to proliferation and dispersion of cumulus cells.
    GO:0042698    ovulation cycle    The type of sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.
    GO:0016310    phosphorylation    The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide.
    GO:0030501    positive regulation of bone mineralization    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.
    GO:0061036    positive regulation of cartilage development    Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
    GO:0045597    positive regulation of cell differentiation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.
    GO:0032332    positive regulation of chondrocyte differentiation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.
    GO:1902043    positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.
    GO:0045669    positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.
    GO:0045944    positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
    GO:0006468    protein phosphorylation    The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.
    GO:0030166    proteoglycan biosynthetic process    The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.
    GO:0060041    retina development in camera-type eye    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.
    GO:0031290    retinal ganglion cell axon guidance    The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
    GO:0023014    signal transduction by protein phosphorylation    A process in which the transfer of one or more phosphate groups to a substrate transmits a signal to the phosphorylated substrate.
    GO:0001501    skeletal system development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).
    GO:0007179    transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
    GO:0007178    transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses serine/threonine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
cellular component
    GO:0030425    dendrite    A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, often branched, morphology, receives and integrates signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conducts a nerve impulse towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.
    GO:0016021    integral component of membrane    The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
    GO:0016020    membrane    A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.
    GO:0043025    neuronal cell body    The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.
    GO:0005886    plasma membrane    The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

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 Related Entries

(-) Entries Sharing at Least One Protein Chain (UniProt ID)

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        GDF5_HUMAN | P430261waq 2bhk 3qb4 5hk5

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