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(-) Description

Title :  CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE UNLIGANDED DROSOPHILA EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR ECTODOMAIN
 
Authors :  D. Alvarado, D. E. Klein, M. A. Lemmon
Date :  29 Jun 09  (Deposition) - 08 Sep 09  (Release) - 13 Jul 11  (Revision)
Method :  X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Resolution :  2.70
Chains :  Asym. Unit :  A
Biol. Unit 1:  A  (2x)
Biol. Unit 2:  A  (1x)
Keywords :  Drosophila, Egfr, Ectodomain, Unliganded, Autoinhibited, Atp-Binding, Nucleotide-Binding, Tyrosine-Protein Kinase, Transferase (Keyword Search: [Gene Ontology, PubMed, Web (Google))
 
Reference :  D. Alvarado, D. E. Klein, M. A. Lemmon
Erbb2 Resembles An Autoinhibited Invertebrate Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor.
Nature V. 461 287 2009
PubMed-ID: 19718021  |  Reference-DOI: 10.1038/NATURE08297

(-) Compounds

Molecule 1 - EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR, ISOFORM A
    ChainsA
    EC Number2.7.10.-
    EngineeredYES
    Expression SystemSPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA
    Expression System CommonFALL ARMYWORM
    Expression System PlasmidPFASTBAC
    Expression System StrainSF9
    Expression System Taxid7108
    Expression System Vector TypeBACULOVIRUS
    FragmentUNP RESIDUES 51-595
    GeneEGFR
    Organism CommonFRUIT FLY
    Organism ScientificDROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
    Organism Taxid7227

 Structural Features

(-) Chains, Units

  1
Asymmetric Unit A
Biological Unit 1 (2x)A
Biological Unit 2 (1x)A

Summary Information (see also Sequences/Alignments below)

(-) Ligands, Modified Residues, Ions  (3, 13)

Asymmetric Unit (3, 13)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1BMA3Ligand/IonBETA-D-MANNOSE
2NAG7Ligand/IonN-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE
3NDG3Ligand/Ion2-(ACETYLAMINO)-2-DEOXY-A-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE
Biological Unit 1 (3, 26)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1BMA6Ligand/IonBETA-D-MANNOSE
2NAG14Ligand/IonN-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE
3NDG6Ligand/Ion2-(ACETYLAMINO)-2-DEOXY-A-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE
Biological Unit 2 (3, 13)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1BMA3Ligand/IonBETA-D-MANNOSE
2NAG7Ligand/IonN-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE
3NDG3Ligand/Ion2-(ACETYLAMINO)-2-DEOXY-A-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE

(-) Sites  (13, 13)

Asymmetric Unit (13, 13)
No.NameEvidenceResiduesDescription
01AC1SOFTWAREASN A:29 , NAG A:547BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NDG A 546
02AC2SOFTWARENDG A:546BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAG A 547
03AC3SOFTWAREASN A:320 , NAG A:3201BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAG A 3200
04AC4SOFTWARENAG A:3200BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAG A 3201
05AC5SOFTWAREHIS A:18 , ASN A:344 , GLN A:432 , NAG A:3441BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAG A 3440
06AC6SOFTWAREHIS A:18 , HIS A:433 , NAG A:3440 , BMA A:3442BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAG A 3441
07AC7SOFTWARENAG A:3441BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE BMA A 3442
08AC8SOFTWAREARG A:382 , ASN A:383 , SER A:385 , TYR A:386 , NAG A:3831BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAG A 3830
09AC9SOFTWARENAG A:3830 , BMA A:3832BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAG A 3831
10BC1SOFTWARENAG A:3831BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE BMA A 3832
11BC2SOFTWARETYR A:414 , ASP A:436 , LEU A:466 , ASN A:470 , NDG A:4701BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NDG A 4700
12BC3SOFTWARETYR A:414 , ARG A:435 , ASP A:436 , NDG A:4700 , BMA A:4702BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NDG A 4701
13BC4SOFTWAREARG A:435 , NDG A:4701BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE BMA A 4702

(-) SS Bonds  (21, 21)

Asymmetric Unit
No.Residues
1A:3 -A:30
2A:129 -A:159
3A:162 -A:170
4A:166 -A:178
5A:186 -A:195
6A:190 -A:203
7A:204 -A:212
8A:208 -A:220
9A:223 -A:232
10A:236 -A:263
11A:267 -A:278
12A:282 -A:293
13A:296 -A:300
14A:304 -A:321
15A:438 -A:467
16A:474 -A:483
17A:478 -A:491
18A:494 -A:503
19A:507 -A:521
20A:524 -A:531
21A:528 -A:539

(-) Cis Peptide Bonds  (0, 0)

(no "Cis Peptide Bond" information available for 3I2T)

 Sequence-Structure Mapping

(-) SAPs(SNPs)/Variants  (0, 0)

(no "SAP(SNP)/Variant" information available for 3I2T)

(-) PROSITE Motifs  (0, 0)

(no "PROSITE Motif" information available for 3I2T)

(-) Exons   (0, 0)

(no "Exon" information available for 3I2T)

(-) Sequences/Alignments

Asymmetric Unit
   Reformat: Number of residues per line =  ('0' or empty: single-line sequence representation)
  Number of residues per labelling interval =   
  UniProt sequence: complete  aligned part    
   Show mapping: SCOP domains CATH domains Pfam domains Secondary structure (by author)
SAPs(SNPs) PROSITE motifs Exons
(details for a mapped element are shown in a popup box when the mouse pointer rests over it)
Chain A from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:542
 aligned with EGFR_DROME | P04412 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:1426

    Alignment length:547
                                   107       117       127       137       147       157       167       177       187       197       207       217       227       237       247       257       267       277       287       297       307       317       327       337       347       357       367       377       387       397       407       417       427       437       447       457       467       477       487       497       507       517       527       537       547       557       567       577       587       597       607       617       627       637       
           EGFR_DROME    98 KGKICIGTKSRLSVPSNKEHHYRNLRDRYTNCTYVDGNLKLTWLPNENLDLSFLDNIREVTGYILISHVDVKKVVFPKLQIIRGRTLFSLSVEEEKYALFVTYSKMYTLEIPDLRDVLNGQVGFHNNYNLCHMRTIQWSEIVSNGTDAYYNYDFTAPERECPKCHESCTHGCWGEGPKNCQKFSKLTCSPQCAGGRCYGPKPRECCHLFCAGGCTGPTQKDCIACKNFFDEAVSKEECPPMRKYNPTTYVLETNPEGKYAYGATCVKECPGHLLRDNGACVRSCPQDKMDKGGECVPCNGPCPKTCPGVTVLHAGNIDSFRNCTVIDGNIRILDQTFSGFQDVYANYTMGPRYIPLDPERREVFSTVKEITGYLNIEGTHPQFRNLSYFRNLETIHGRQLMESMFAALAIVKSSLYSLEMRNLKQISSGSVVIQHNRDLCYVSNIRWPAIQKEPEQKVWVNENLRADLCEKNGTICSDQCNEDGCWGAGTDQCLTCKNFNFNGTCIADCGYISNAYKFDNRTCKICHPECRTCNGAGADHCQECVHV 644
               SCOP domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SCOP domains
               CATH domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author ...eee..........hhhhhhhhhhhhhh...eee..eeeeee......hhhhh...ee...eeeeee...eee.....ee..............eeeeee.....eee.....ee...eeeee...........hhhhh.......eee....--..................hhhhh.............................eeeee.......eeee..eee..eee......eeee....eeee.....eee..eee.......eee..eee......eee....eee.......eee........hhhhhh...eee..eeehhhhhhh.eee.....eeee....hhhhhhhhhhh.ee...eee.........hhhhh...ee..........eeeeee.............ee...eeeee...........hhhhhh......eeee...hhhhhhh...........................eee..eee.............................---......... Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 3i2t A  -1 HHKICIGTKSRLSVPSNKEHHYRNLRDRYTNCTYVDGNLELTWLPNENLDLSFLDNIREVTGYILISHVDVKKVVFPKLQIIRGRTLFSLSVEEEKYALFVTYSKMYTLEIPDLRDVLNGQVGFHNNYNLCHMRTIQWSEIVSNGTDAYYNYDFT--ERECPKCHESCTHGCWGEGPKNCQKFSKLTCSPQCAGGRCYGPKPRECCHLFCAGGCTGPTQKDCIACKNFFDEGVCKEECPPMRKYNPTTYVLETNPEGKYAYGATCVKECPGHLLRDNGACVRSCPQDKMDKGGECVPCNGPCPKTCPGVTVLHAGNIDSFRNCTVIDGNIRILDQTFSGFQDVYANYTMGPRYIPLDPERLEVFSTVKEITGYLNIEGTHPQFRNLSYFRNLETIHGRQLMESMFAALAIVKSSLYSLEMRNLKQISSGSVVIQHNRDLCYVSNIRWPAIQKEPEQKVWVNENLRADLCEKNGTICSDQCNEDGCWGAGTDQCLNCKNFNFNGTCIADCGYISNAYKFDNRTCKICHPECRTCNG---DHCQECVHV 545
                                     8        18        28        38        48        58        68        78        88        98       108       118       128       138       148    |  158       168       178       188       198       208       218       228       238       248       258       268       278       288       298       308       318       328       338       348       358       368       378       388       398       408       418       428       438       448       458       468       478       488       498       508       518       528    |  538       
                                                                                                                                                                                    153  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      533 537        
                                                                                                                                                                                       156                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

Chain A from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:542
 aligned with Q8MLW0_DROME | Q8MLW0 from UniProtKB/TrEMBL  Length:1377

    Alignment length:547
                                    58        68        78        88        98       108       118       128       138       148       158       168       178       188       198       208       218       228       238       248       258       268       278       288       298       308       318       328       338       348       358       368       378       388       398       408       418       428       438       448       458       468       478       488       498       508       518       528       538       548       558       568       578       588       
         Q8MLW0_DROME    49 NMKVCIGTKSRLSVPSNKEHHYRNLRDRYTNCTYVDGNLELTWLPNENLDLSFLDNIREVTGYILISHVDVKKVVFPKLQIIRGRTLFSLSVEEEKYALFVTYSKMYTLEIPDLRDVLNGQVGFHNNYNLCHMRTIQWSEIVSNGTDAYYNYDFTAPERECPKCHESCTHGCWGEGPKNCQKFSKLTCSPQCAGGRCYGPKPRECCHLFCAGGCTGPTQKDCIACKNFFDEGVCKEECPPMRKYNPTTYVLETNPEGKYAYGATCVKECPGHLLRDNGACVRSCPQDKMDKGGECVPCNGPCPKTCPGVTVLHAGNIDSFRNCTVIDGNIRILDQTFSGFQDVYANYTMGPRYIPLDPERLEVFSTVKEITGYLNIEGTHPQFRNLSYFRNLETIHGRQLMESMFAALAIVKSSLYSLEMRNLKQISSGSVVIQHNRDLCYVSNIRWPAIQKEPEQKVWVNENLRADLCEKNGTICSDQCNEDGCWGAGTDQCLTCKNFNFNGTCIADCGYISNAYKFDNRTCKICHPECRTCNGAGADHCQECVHV 595
               SCOP domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SCOP domains
               CATH domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author ...eee..........hhhhhhhhhhhhhh...eee..eeeeee......hhhhh...ee...eeeeee...eee.....ee..............eeeeee.....eee.....ee...eeeee...........hhhhh.......eee....--..................hhhhh.............................eeeee.......eeee..eee..eee......eeee....eeee.....eee..eee.......eee..eee......eee....eee.......eee........hhhhhh...eee..eeehhhhhhh.eee.....eeee....hhhhhhhhhhh.ee...eee.........hhhhh...ee..........eeeeee.............ee...eeeee...........hhhhhh......eeee...hhhhhhh...........................eee..eee.............................---......... Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 3i2t A  -1 HHKICIGTKSRLSVPSNKEHHYRNLRDRYTNCTYVDGNLELTWLPNENLDLSFLDNIREVTGYILISHVDVKKVVFPKLQIIRGRTLFSLSVEEEKYALFVTYSKMYTLEIPDLRDVLNGQVGFHNNYNLCHMRTIQWSEIVSNGTDAYYNYDFT--ERECPKCHESCTHGCWGEGPKNCQKFSKLTCSPQCAGGRCYGPKPRECCHLFCAGGCTGPTQKDCIACKNFFDEGVCKEECPPMRKYNPTTYVLETNPEGKYAYGATCVKECPGHLLRDNGACVRSCPQDKMDKGGECVPCNGPCPKTCPGVTVLHAGNIDSFRNCTVIDGNIRILDQTFSGFQDVYANYTMGPRYIPLDPERLEVFSTVKEITGYLNIEGTHPQFRNLSYFRNLETIHGRQLMESMFAALAIVKSSLYSLEMRNLKQISSGSVVIQHNRDLCYVSNIRWPAIQKEPEQKVWVNENLRADLCEKNGTICSDQCNEDGCWGAGTDQCLNCKNFNFNGTCIADCGYISNAYKFDNRTCKICHPECRTCNG---DHCQECVHV 545
                                     8        18        28        38        48        58        68        78        88        98       108       118       128       138       148    |  158       168       178       188       198       208       218       228       238       248       258       268       278       288       298       308       318       328       338       348       358       368       378       388       398       408       418       428       438       448       458       468       478       488       498       508       518       528    |  538       
                                                                                                                                                                                    153  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      533 537        
                                                                                                                                                                                       156                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

   Legend:   → Mismatch (orange background)
  - → Gap (green background, '-', border residues have a numbering label)
    → Modified Residue (blue background, lower-case, 'x' indicates undefined single-letter code, labelled with number + name)
  x → Chemical Group (purple background, 'x', labelled with number + name, e.g. ACE or NH2)
  extra numbering lines below/above indicate numbering irregularities and modified residue names etc., number ends below/above '|'

 Classification and Annotation

(-) SCOP Domains  (0, 0)

(no "SCOP Domain" information available for 3I2T)

(-) CATH Domains  (0, 0)

(no "CATH Domain" information available for 3I2T)

(-) Pfam Domains  (0, 0)

(no "Pfam Domain" information available for 3I2T)

(-) Gene Ontology  (110, 123)

Asymmetric Unit(hide GO term definitions)
Chain A   (Q8MLW0_DROME | Q8MLW0)
molecular function
    GO:0005524    ATP binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
    GO:0016301    kinase activity    Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
    GO:0000166    nucleotide binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose.
    GO:0004672    protein kinase activity    Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.
    GO:0004713    protein tyrosine kinase activity    Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate.
    GO:0016740    transferase activity    Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
    GO:0004714    transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity    Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.
biological process
    GO:0018108    peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation    The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine.
    GO:0016310    phosphorylation    The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide.
    GO:0006468    protein phosphorylation    The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.
    GO:0007169    transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
cellular component
    GO:0016021    integral component of membrane    The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
    GO:0016020    membrane    A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

Chain A   (EGFR_DROME | P04412)
molecular function
    GO:0005524    ATP binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
    GO:0005006    epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity    Combining with an epidermal growth factor and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
    GO:0008313    gurken-activated receptor activity    Combining with the ligand Gurken to initiate a change in cell activity.
    GO:0016301    kinase activity    Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
    GO:0000166    nucleotide binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose.
    GO:0005515    protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
    GO:0004672    protein kinase activity    Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.
    GO:0004713    protein tyrosine kinase activity    Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate.
    GO:0016740    transferase activity    Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
    GO:0004714    transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity    Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.
    GO:0004888    transmembrane signaling receptor activity    Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction.
biological process
    GO:0000086    G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle    The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G2 commits to M phase. The process begins when the kinase activity of M cyclin/CDK complex reaches a threshold high enough for the cell cycle to proceed. This is accomplished by activating a positive feedback loop that results in the accumulation of unphosphorylated and active M cyclin/CDK complex.
    GO:0007443    Malpighian tubule morphogenesis    The process in which the anatomical structures of the Malpighian tubule are generated and organized. This process takes place entirely during the embryonic phase. A Malpighian tubule is a fine, thin-walled excretory tubule in insects which leads into the posterior part of the gut.
    GO:0045466    R7 cell differentiation    The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of the R7 photoreceptor.
    GO:0007469    antennal development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the antenna over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The antenna are the sensory structures on the head that are capable of detecting various environmental stimuli.
    GO:0009952    anterior/posterior pattern specification    The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.
    GO:0048149    behavioral response to ethanol    Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of an ethanol stimulus.
    GO:0007350    blastoderm segmentation    The hierarchical steps resulting in the progressive subdivision of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo.
    GO:0007298    border follicle cell migration    The directed movement of a border cell through the nurse cells to reach the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
    GO:0007420    brain development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).
    GO:0046845    branched duct epithelial cell fate determination, open tracheal system    Allocation of a set number of cells to each primary branch in an open tracheal system, prior to the onset of cell migration. This establishes different domains of cells within the tracheal placode.
    GO:0045165    cell fate commitment    The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
    GO:0001709    cell fate determination    A process involved in cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment.
    GO:0030031    cell projection assembly    Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
    GO:0030381    chorion-containing eggshell pattern formation    The regionalization process that gives rise to the structural pattern of a chorion-containing eggshell such as those found in insects.
    GO:0042676    compound eye cone cell fate commitment    The process in which the cone cells of the compound eye, the lens-secreting cells in the ommatidia, adopt pathways of differentiation that lead to the establishment of their distinct cell type.
    GO:0048749    compound eye development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the compound eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The compound eye is an organ of sight that contains multiple repeating units, often arranged hexagonally. Each unit has its own lens and photoreceptor cell(s) and can generate either a single pixelated image or multiple images, per eye.
    GO:0001745    compound eye morphogenesis    The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of the compound eye are generated and organized. The adult compound eye is a precise assembly of 700-800 ommatidia. Each ommatidium is composed of 20 cells, identified by cell type and position. An example of compound eye morphogenesis is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
    GO:0001751    compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation    The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an eye photoreceptor cell.
    GO:0001752    compound eye photoreceptor fate commitment    The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a compound eye photoreceptor cell. A photoreceptor cell is a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation. Different classes of photoreceptor have different spectral sensitivities and express different photosensitive pigments.
    GO:0008340    determination of adult lifespan    The control of viability and duration in the adult phase of the life-cycle.
    GO:0035225    determination of genital disc primordium    Allocation of embryonic cells to the genital imaginal disc founder populations. Early in development at the blastoderm stage, the anlage of the genital disc of both sexes consists of three primordia: the female genital primoridum lcoated anteriorly, the anal primoridum located posteriorly, and the male gential primordium between the two.
    GO:0048546    digestive tract morphogenesis    The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.
    GO:0046843    dorsal appendage formation    Establishment of the dorsal filaments, elaborate specializations of the chorion that protrude from the anterior end of the egg and facilitate embryonic respiration.
    GO:0007391    dorsal closure    The process during Drosophila embryogenesis whereby the ectodermal cells of the lateral epithelium stretch in a coordinated fashion to internalize the amnioserosa cells and close the embryo dorsally.
    GO:0009950    dorsal/ventral axis specification    The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.
    GO:0009953    dorsal/ventral pattern formation    The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.
    GO:0009792    embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell.
    GO:0000578    embryonic axis specification    The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or a point in an embryo.
    GO:0009880    embryonic pattern specification    The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo.
    GO:0007173    epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR (ERBB1) on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
    GO:0061331    epithelial cell proliferation involved in Malpighian tubule morphogenesis    The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population and contributing to the shaping of a Malpighian tubule.
    GO:0035088    establishment or maintenance of apical/basal cell polarity    Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance polarization of a cell's architecture along its apical/basal axis so that the apical and basal regions of the cell have different membrane, extracellular matrix and sub-membrane cellular components.
    GO:0001654    eye development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight.
    GO:0007455    eye-antennal disc morphogenesis    The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the eye-antennal disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of an eye-antennal imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including the eye, antenna, head capsule and maxillary palps.
    GO:0048139    female germ-line cyst encapsulation    Formation of a single follicular epithelium around the germ-line derived cells of a cyst formed in the female gonad.
    GO:0007369    gastrulation    A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
    GO:0007390    germ-band shortening    The spreading of the amnioserosa from its compressed state to cover the whole of the dorsal surface. Initiating in the thorax and spreading posteriorly, it is accompanied by the transition from a parasegmental to segmental division of the embryo.
    GO:0030718    germ-line stem cell population maintenance    Any process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of germ-line stem cells.
    GO:0008406    gonad development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonad is an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones.
    GO:0008314    gurken signaling pathway    The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to the ligand Gurken.
    GO:0007482    haltere development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the haltere over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The haltere is the club-shaped 'balancers' found on each side of the metathorax among the true flies (Diptera). They are the much-modified hind wings.
    GO:0003015    heart process    A circulatory system process carried out by the heart. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
    GO:0007444    imaginal disc development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the imaginal disc over time, from its formation to the metamorphosis to form adult structures. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult structures (legs, antennae, wings, etc.).
    GO:0007447    imaginal disc pattern formation    The regionalization process that results in defined areas of the imaginal disc that will undergo specific cell differentaiton. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult appendages (legs, antennae, wings, etc.) during metamorphosis from larval to adult form.
    GO:0007476    imaginal disc-derived wing morphogenesis    The process in which the anatomical structures of the imaginal disc-derived wing are generated and organized. The wing is an appendage modified for flying.
    GO:0008586    imaginal disc-derived wing vein morphogenesis    The process in which anatomical structures of the veins on an imaginal disc-derived wing are generated and organized.
    GO:0007474    imaginal disc-derived wing vein specification    The regionalization process in which the area of a imaginal disc-derived wing that will form a wing vein is specified.
    GO:0007479    leg disc proximal/distal pattern formation    The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis of the leg imaginal disc, a precursor to the adult leg.
    GO:0035160    maintenance of epithelial integrity, open tracheal system    Ensuring that tracheal tubes in an open tracheal system maintain their epithelial structure during the cell shape changes and movements that occur during the branching process.
    GO:0048140    male germ-line cyst encapsulation    Formation of a single follicular epithelium around the germ-line derived cells of a cyst formed in the male gonad.
    GO:0008071    maternal determination of dorsal/ventral axis, ovarian follicular epithelium, soma encoded    Polarization of the ovarian follicle cells along the dorsal-ventral axis by a gene product encoded by somatic cells. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
    GO:0002009    morphogenesis of an epithelium    The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube.
    GO:0016333    morphogenesis of follicular epithelium    The process in which the anatomical structures of a follicular epithelium are generated and organized.
    GO:0007275    multicellular organism development    The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
    GO:0016203    muscle attachment    The developmental process in which a skeletal muscle attaches to its target (such as bone or body wall).
    GO:0042694    muscle cell fate specification    The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a muscle cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
    GO:2000134    negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle    Any cell cycle regulatory process that prevents the commitment of a cell from G1 to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
    GO:0043066    negative regulation of apoptotic process    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
    GO:2001234    negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway    Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.
    GO:0046673    negative regulation of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina.
    GO:0022008    neurogenesis    Generation of cells within the nervous system.
    GO:0035310    notum cell fate specification    The process in which a cell in the larval wing imaginal disc becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a notum cell, if left in its normal environment.
    GO:0007477    notum development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dorsal part of the body over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
    GO:0001742    oenocyte differentiation    The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oenocyte. Oenocytes are large secretory cells found in clusters underlying the epidermis of larval abdominal segments.
    GO:0008355    olfactory learning    Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs in response to (repeated) exposure to an olfactory cue.
    GO:0016318    ommatidial rotation    The process in which photoreceptors are arranged in ommatidia in the dorsal and ventral fields to be mirror images. The polarity is established in the imaginal discs concurrently with cell fate specification.
    GO:0007314    oocyte anterior/posterior axis specification    Polarization of the oocyte along its anterior-posterior axis. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
    GO:0007309    oocyte axis specification    The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of an axis in the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
    GO:0007310    oocyte dorsal/ventral axis specification    The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis of the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
    GO:0048477    oogenesis    The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.
    GO:0007424    open tracheal system development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an open tracheal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An open tracheal system is a respiratory system, a branched network of epithelial tubes that supplies oxygen to target tissues via spiracles. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
    GO:0018108    peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation    The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine.
    GO:0007422    peripheral nervous system development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.
    GO:0016310    phosphorylation    The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide.
    GO:0008284    positive regulation of cell proliferation    Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.
    GO:0090303    positive regulation of wound healing    Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
    GO:0007458    progression of morphogenetic furrow involved in compound eye morphogenesis    The morphogenetic furrow is a dorsoventral indentation which sweeps anteriorly across the eye disc. Ommatidia begin to form along the furrow, resulting in a graded series of ommatidial development across the anterior/posterior axis of the disc.
    GO:0006468    protein phosphorylation    The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.
    GO:0045468    regulation of R8 cell spacing in compound eye    Any process that ensures that the R8 cells are selected in a precise progressive pattern so that they are evenly spaced throughout the eye disc.
    GO:0010906    regulation of glucose metabolic process    Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.
    GO:0045610    regulation of hemocyte differentiation    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemocyte differentiation.
    GO:0007346    regulation of mitotic cell cycle    Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle.
    GO:0007431    salivary gland development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the salivary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Salivary glands include any of the saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity.
    GO:0016330    second mitotic wave involved in compound eye morphogenesis    A discrete cell cycle in the third instar eye imaginal disc after progression of the morphogenetic furrow that contributes to compound eye morphogenesis. It is essential for generation of a sufficient pool of uncommitted cells to develop complete ommatidia.
    GO:0007367    segment polarity determination    Division of the 14 parasegments of the embryo into anterior and posterior compartments; exemplified by the actions of the segment polarity gene products.
    GO:0016337    single organismal cell-cell adhesion    The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules, where both cells are part of the same organism.
    GO:0035277    spiracle morphogenesis, open tracheal system    The process in which the anatomical structures of a spiracle are generated and organized. Spiracles are the openings in the insect open tracheal system; externally they connect to the epidermis and internally they connect to the tracheal trunk.
    GO:0048865    stem cell fate commitment    The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a stem cell.
    GO:0007421    stomatogastric nervous system development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomatogastric nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
    GO:0035202    tracheal pit formation in open tracheal system    Formation of the tracheal pits, the first tube-like structures to form in the open tracheal system. Once cells are determined to their tracheal cell fate, the tracheal pits arise by invagination of each ectodermal cluster of tracheal placode cells, between 5 and 7 hours after egg laying. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
    GO:0007169    transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
    GO:0035309    wing and notum subfield formation    The regionalization process that subdivides the wing imaginal disc into the wing and notum (body wall) subfields, thus determining whether cells ultimately differentiate wing or notum-specific structures.
    GO:0007472    wing disc morphogenesis    The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the wing disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a wing imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including the wing hinge, wing blade and pleura.
    GO:0007473    wing disc proximal/distal pattern formation    The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis of the wing disc, a precursor to the adult wing.
cellular component
    GO:0035230    cytoneme    A long, thin, polarized cell projection that contains actin and can extend for distances many times the diameter of the cell. Cytonemes represent extensions of cell cytoplasm and typically have a diameter of approximately 0.2um.
    GO:0016021    integral component of membrane    The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
    GO:0005887    integral component of plasma membrane    The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
    GO:0016020    membrane    A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.
    GO:0005886    plasma membrane    The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

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