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Title :  CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN CRLR/RAMP2 EXTRACELLULAR COMPLEX
 
Authors :  S. Kusano, M. Kukimono-Niino, M. Shirouzu, T. Shindo, S. Yokoyama
Date :  29 Oct 10  (Deposition) - 02 Nov 11  (Release) - 25 Jul 12  (Revision)
Method :  X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Resolution :  2.60
Chains :  Asym./Biol. Unit :  A,B
Keywords :  Transmembrane, Gpcr, Adrenomedullin, Trafficking, Clr, Cgrp, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Am-Receptor, Disease, Neovascularization, Co- Activating Receptor For Adrenomedullin, Adrenomedullin (Am), Endoplasmic Reticulum (Er), Transport Protein-Membrane Protein Complex (Keyword Search: [Gene Ontology, PubMed, Web (Google))
 
Reference :  S. Kusano, M. Kukimoto-Niino, N. Hino, N. Ohsawa, K. Okuda, K. Sakamoto, M. Shirouzu, T. Shindo, S. Yokoyama
Structural Basis For Extracellular Interactions Between Calcitonin Receptor-Like Receptor And Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 2 For Adrenomedullin-Specific Binding
Protein Sci. V. 21 199 2012
PubMed-ID: 22102369  |  Reference-DOI: 10.1002/PRO.2003

(-) Compounds

Molecule 1 - RECEPTOR ACTIVITY-MODIFYING PROTEIN 2
    ChainsA
    EngineeredYES
    Expression SystemESCHERICHIA COLI CELL-FREE SYSTEM
    Expression System PlasmidPX070809-03
    Expression System Vector TypePLASMID
    FragmentEXTRACELLULAR DOMAIN, UNP RESIDUES 39-139
    GeneRAMP2
    Organism CommonHUMAN
    Organism ScientificHOMO SAPIENS
    Organism Taxid9606
    SynonymCALCITONIN-RECEPTOR-LIKE RECEPTOR ACTIVITY-MODIFYING PROTEIN 2, CRLR ACTIVITY-MODIFYING PROTEIN 2
 
Molecule 2 - CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE TYPE 1 RECEPTOR
    ChainsB
    EngineeredYES
    Expression SystemESCHERICHIA COLI CELL-FREE SYSTEM
    Expression System PlasmidPX080331-02
    Expression System Vector TypePLASMID
    FragmentN-TERMINAL DOMAIN, UNP RESIDUES 23-136
    GeneCALCRL, CGRPR
    Organism CommonHUMAN
    Organism ScientificHOMO SAPIENS
    Organism Taxid9606
    SynonymCGRP TYPE 1 RECEPTOR, CALCITONIN RECEPTOR-LIKE RECEPTOR

 Structural Features

(-) Chains, Units

  12
Asymmetric/Biological Unit AB

Summary Information (see also Sequences/Alignments below)

(-) Ligands, Modified Residues, Ions  (1, 5)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit (1, 5)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1MSE5Mod. Amino AcidSELENOMETHIONINE

(-) Sites  (0, 0)

(no "Site" information available for 3AQF)

(-) SS Bonds  (5, 5)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit
No.Residues
1A:68 -A:99
2A:84 -A:131
3B:48 -B:74
4B:65 -B:105
5B:88 -B:127

(-) Cis Peptide Bonds  (1, 1)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit
No.Residues
1Phe A:111 -Pro A:112

 Sequence-Structure Mapping

(-) SAPs(SNPs)/Variants  (0, 0)

(no "SAP(SNP)/Variant" information available for 3AQF)

(-) PROSITE Motifs  (2, 2)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit (2, 2)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1G_PROTEIN_RECEP_F2_3PS50227 G-protein coupled receptors family 2 profile 1.CALRL_HUMAN47-131  1B:47-131
2G_PROTEIN_RECEP_F2_1PS00649 G-protein coupled receptors family 2 signature 1.CALRL_HUMAN65-89  1B:65-89

(-) Exons   (0, 0)

(no "Exon" information available for 3AQF)

(-) Sequences/Alignments

Asymmetric/Biological Unit
   Reformat: Number of residues per line =  ('0' or empty: single-line sequence representation)
  Number of residues per labelling interval =   
  UniProt sequence: complete  aligned part    
   Show mapping: SCOP domains CATH domains Pfam domains Secondary structure (by author)
SAPs(SNPs) PROSITE motifs Exons
(details for a mapped element are shown in a popup box when the mouse pointer rests over it)
Chain A from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:79
 aligned with RAMP2_HUMAN | O60895 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:175

    Alignment length:79
                                    65        75        85        95       105       115       125         
          RAMP2_HUMAN    56 GTVKNYETAVQFCWNHYKDQMDPIEKDWCDWAMISRPYSTLRDCLEHFAELFDLGFPNPLAERIIFETHQIHFANCSLV 134
               SCOP domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SCOP domains
               CATH domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author ....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhh....... Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 3aqf A  56 GTVKNYETAVQFCWNHYKDQmDPIEKDWCDWAmISRPYSTLRDCLEHFAELFDLGFPNPLAERIIFETHQIHFANCSLV 134
                                    65        75|       85  |     95       105       115       125         
                                               76-MSE      88-MSE                                          

Chain B from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:97
 aligned with CALRL_HUMAN | Q16602 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:461

    Alignment length:97
                                    45        55        65        75        85        95       105       115       125       
          CALRL_HUMAN    36 VTRNKIMTAQYECYQKIMQDPIQQAEGVYCNRTWDGWLCWNDVAAGTESMQLCPDYFQDFDPSEKVTKICDQDGNWFRHPASNRTWTNYTQCNVNTH 132
               SCOP domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SCOP domains
               CATH domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh........ee..ee....ee..ee..eeeeee............eeeeee......................hhhhh Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                PROSITE (1) -----------G_PROTEIN_RECEP_F2_3  PDB: B:47-131 UniProt: 47-131                                  - PROSITE (1)
                PROSITE (2) -----------------------------G_PROTEIN_RECEP_F2_1     ------------------------------------------- PROSITE (2)
                 Transcript ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 3aqf B  36 VTRNKImTAQYECYQKImQDPIQQAEGVYCNRTWDGWLCWNDVAAGTESmQLCPDYFQDFDPSEKVTKICDQDGNWFRHPASNRTWTNYTQCNVNTH 132
                                  | 45       |55        65        75        85        95       105       115       125       
                                 42-MSE     53-MSE                          85-MSE                                           

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  - → Gap (green background, '-', border residues have a numbering label)
    → Modified Residue (blue background, lower-case, 'x' indicates undefined single-letter code, labelled with number + name)
  x → Chemical Group (purple background, 'x', labelled with number + name, e.g. ACE or NH2)
  extra numbering lines below/above indicate numbering irregularities and modified residue names etc., number ends below/above '|'

 Classification and Annotation

(-) SCOP Domains  (0, 0)

(no "SCOP Domain" information available for 3AQF)

(-) CATH Domains  (0, 0)

(no "CATH Domain" information available for 3AQF)

(-) Pfam Domains  (0, 0)

(no "Pfam Domain" information available for 3AQF)

(-) Gene Ontology  (59, 74)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit(hide GO term definitions)
Chain A   (RAMP2_HUMAN | O60895)
molecular function
    GO:0015026    coreceptor activity    Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger, and in cooperation with a nearby primary receptor, initiating a change in cell activity.
    GO:0005515    protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
    GO:0008565    protein transporter activity    Enables the directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
biological process
    GO:0007186    G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576).
    GO:0034333    adherens junction assembly    The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell junction at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments.
    GO:0001525    angiogenesis    Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.
    GO:0070831    basement membrane assembly    The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a basement membrane, a part of the extracellular region that consists of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue.
    GO:0070830    bicellular tight junction assembly    The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a tight junction, an occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet.
    GO:0006171    cAMP biosynthetic process    The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
    GO:0006816    calcium ion transport    The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
    GO:0032870    cellular response to hormone stimulus    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.
    GO:0035924    cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus.
    GO:0007565    female pregnancy    The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth.
    GO:0007507    heart development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
    GO:0006886    intracellular protein transport    The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.
    GO:2000352    negative regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process    Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.
    GO:0043116    negative regulation of vascular permeability    Any process that reduces the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.
    GO:0045766    positive regulation of angiogenesis    Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis.
    GO:0030819    positive regulation of cAMP biosynthetic process    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
    GO:0010628    positive regulation of gene expression    Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
    GO:2001214    positive regulation of vasculogenesis    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.
    GO:0072659    protein localization to plasma membrane    A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.
    GO:0015031    protein transport    The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
    GO:0031623    receptor internalization    A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of receptors from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. The process begins when cell surface receptors are monoubiquitinated following ligand-induced activation. Receptors are subsequently taken up into endocytic vesicles from where they are either targeted to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation or recycled back to the plasma membrane.
    GO:0008277    regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity.
    GO:0008217    regulation of blood pressure    Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.
    GO:0032355    response to estradiol    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.
    GO:0001666    response to hypoxia    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.
    GO:0032570    response to progesterone    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a progesterone stimulus.
    GO:0002040    sprouting angiogenesis    The extension of new blood vessels from existing capillaries into avascular tissues resulting from the proliferation of blood vessel endothelial cells.
    GO:0006810    transport    The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein.
    GO:0097084    vascular smooth muscle cell development    The process aimed at the progression of a vascular smooth muscle cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels.
    GO:0001570    vasculogenesis    The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.
cellular component
    GO:0009986    cell surface    The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.
    GO:0005905    clathrin-coated pit    A part of the endomembrane system in the form of an invagination of a membrane upon which a clathrin coat forms, and that can be converted by vesicle budding into a clathrin-coated vesicle. Coated pits form on the plasma membrane, where they are involved in receptor-mediated selective transport of many proteins and other macromolecules across the cell membrane, in the trans-Golgi network, and on some endosomes.
    GO:0005737    cytoplasm    All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
    GO:0016021    integral component of membrane    The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
    GO:0005887    integral component of plasma membrane    The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
    GO:0005764    lysosome    A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.
    GO:0016020    membrane    A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.
    GO:0005886    plasma membrane    The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
    GO:0043235    receptor complex    Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.

Chain B   (CALRL_HUMAN | Q16602)
molecular function
    GO:0004930    G-protein coupled receptor activity    Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
    GO:0001605    adrenomedullin receptor activity    Combining with adrenomedullin to initiate a change in cell activity.
    GO:0001635    calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor activity    Combining with a calcitonin gene-related polypeptide (CGRP) to initiate a change in cell activity.
    GO:0004948    calcitonin receptor activity    Combining with calcitonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
    GO:0005515    protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
    GO:0008565    protein transporter activity    Enables the directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
    GO:0004871    signal transducer activity    Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response.
    GO:0004888    transmembrane signaling receptor activity    Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction.
biological process
    GO:0007186    G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576).
    GO:0007187    G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger    The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation or inhibition of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide.
    GO:0007189    adenylate cyclase-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway    The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds through activation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
    GO:0001525    angiogenesis    Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.
    GO:0006171    cAMP biosynthetic process    The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
    GO:0006816    calcium ion transport    The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
    GO:0007166    cell surface receptor signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
    GO:0071329    cellular response to sucrose stimulus    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sucrose stimulus.
    GO:0007507    heart development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
    GO:0050728    negative regulation of inflammatory response    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.
    GO:0045986    negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.
    GO:0030819    positive regulation of cAMP biosynthetic process    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
    GO:0008284    positive regulation of cell proliferation    Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.
    GO:0048661    positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation    Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.
    GO:0015031    protein transport    The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
    GO:0031623    receptor internalization    A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of receptors from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. The process begins when cell surface receptors are monoubiquitinated following ligand-induced activation. Receptors are subsequently taken up into endocytic vesicles from where they are either targeted to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation or recycled back to the plasma membrane.
    GO:0007165    signal transduction    The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.
cellular component
    GO:0005783    endoplasmic reticulum    The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).
    GO:0005768    endosome    A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.
    GO:0016021    integral component of membrane    The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
    GO:0005887    integral component of plasma membrane    The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
    GO:0005764    lysosome    A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.
    GO:0016020    membrane    A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.
    GO:0005886    plasma membrane    The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

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 Related Entries

(-) Entries Sharing at Least One Protein Chain (UniProt ID)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
        CALRL_HUMAN | Q166023n7p 3n7r 3n7s 4rwf 4rwg
        RAMP2_HUMAN | O608952xvt 3aqe 4rwf

(-) Related Entries Specified in the PDB File

3aqe RECEPTOR ACTIVITY-MODIFYING PROTEIN 2 EXTRACELLULAR DOMAIN