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(-) Description

Title :  HEREGULIN-ALPHA EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR-LIKE DOMAIN, NMR, MINIMIZED AVERAGE STRUCTURE
 
Authors :  N. E. Jacobsen, N. J. Skelton, W. J. Fairbrother
Date :  30 Nov 95  (Deposition) - 11 Jul 96  (Release) - 24 Feb 09  (Revision)
Method :  SOLUTION NMR
Resolution :  NOT APPLICABLE
Chains :  NMR Structure  :  A
Keywords :  Growth Factor (Keyword Search: [Gene Ontology, PubMed, Web (Google))
 
Reference :  N. E. Jacobsen, N. Abadi, M. X. Sliwkowski, D. Reilly, N. J. Skelton, W. J. Fairbrother
High-Resolution Solution Structure Of The Egf-Like Domain Of Heregulin-Alpha.
Biochemistry V. 35 3402 1996
PubMed-ID: 8639490  |  Reference-DOI: 10.1021/BI952626L
(for further references see the PDB file header)

(-) Compounds

Molecule 1 - HEREGULIN-ALPHA
    ChainsA
    EngineeredYES
    Expression SystemESCHERICHIA COLI
    Expression System Taxid562
    FragmentEPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR-LIKE DOMAIN
    Organism CommonHUMAN
    Organism ScientificHOMO SAPIENS
    Organism Taxid9606
    SynonymNEU DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR (RAT), ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR INDUCING ACTIVITY (CHICKEN), GLIAL GROWTH FACTOR (HUMAN), NEUREGULIN

 Structural Features

(-) Chains, Units

  
NMR Structure 

Summary Information (see also Sequences/Alignments below)

(-) Ligands, Modified Residues, Ions  (0, 0)

(no "Ligand,Modified Residues,Ions" information available for 1HAF)

(-) Sites  (0, 0)

(no "Site" information available for 1HAF)

(-) SS Bonds  (3, 3)

NMR Structure
No.Residues
1A:6 -A:20
2A:14 -A:34
3A:36 -A:45

(-) Cis Peptide Bonds  (0, 0)

(no "Cis Peptide Bond" information available for 1HAF)

 Sequence-Structure Mapping

(-) SAPs(SNPs)/Variants  (0, 0)

(no "SAP(SNP)/Variant" information available for 1HAF)

(-) PROSITE Motifs  (3, 2)

NMR Structure (3, 2)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1EGF_3PS50026 EGF-like domain profile.NRG1_HUMAN178-222  1A:2-46
2EGF_1PS00022 EGF-like domain signature 1.NRG1_HUMAN210-221  1A:34-45
3EGF_2PS01186 EGF-like domain signature 2.NRG1_HUMAN210-221  1A:34-45

(-) Exons   (0, 0)

(no "Exon" information available for 1HAF)

(-) Sequences/Alignments

NMR Structure
   Reformat: Number of residues per line =  ('0' or empty: single-line sequence representation)
  Number of residues per labelling interval =   
  UniProt sequence: complete  aligned part    
   Show mapping: SCOP domains CATH domains Pfam domains Secondary structure (by author)
SAPs(SNPs) PROSITE motifs Exons
(details for a mapped element are shown in a popup box when the mouse pointer rests over it)
Chain A from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:63
 aligned with NRG1_HUMAN | Q02297 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:640

    Alignment length:63
                                   186       196       206       216       226       236   
           NRG1_HUMAN   177 SHLVKCAEKEKTFCVNGGECFMVKDLSNPSRYLCKCQPGFTGARCTENVPMKVQNQEKAEELY 239
               SCOP domains d1hafa_ A: Heregulin-alpha, EGF-like domain                     SCOP domains
               CATH domains 1hafA00 A:1-63 Laminin                                          CATH domains
               Pfam domains --------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author .eeee..hhhhhh.....eeeeee.......eeee............................ Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) --------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                PROSITE (1) -EGF_3  PDB: A:2-46 UniProt: 178-222          ----------------- PROSITE (1)
                PROSITE (2) ---------------------------------EGF_1       ------------------ PROSITE (2)
                PROSITE (3) ---------------------------------EGF_2       ------------------ PROSITE (3)
                 Transcript --------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 1haf A   1 SHLVKCAEKEKTFCVNGGECFMVKDLSNPSRYLCKCQPGFTGARCTENVPMKVQNQEKAEELY  63
                                    10        20        30        40        50        60   

   Legend:   → Mismatch (orange background)
  - → Gap (green background, '-', border residues have a numbering label)
    → Modified Residue (blue background, lower-case, 'x' indicates undefined single-letter code, labelled with number + name)
  x → Chemical Group (purple background, 'x', labelled with number + name, e.g. ACE or NH2)
  extra numbering lines below/above indicate numbering irregularities and modified residue names etc., number ends below/above '|'

 Classification and Annotation

(-) SCOP Domains  (1, 1)

NMR Structure

(-) CATH Domains  (1, 1)

NMR Structure
(-)
Class: Mainly Beta (13760)

(-) Pfam Domains  (0, 0)

(no "Pfam Domain" information available for 1HAF)

(-) Gene Ontology  (107, 107)

NMR Structure(hide GO term definitions)
Chain A   (NRG1_HUMAN | Q02297)
molecular function
    GO:0005176    ErbB-2 class receptor binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the protein-tyrosine kinase receptor Neu/ErbB-2/HER2.
    GO:0043125    ErbB-3 class receptor binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the protein-tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB-3/HER3.
    GO:0005088    Ras guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity    Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase of the Ras superfamily. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase.
    GO:0045499    chemorepellent activity    Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of that signal.
    GO:0005125    cytokine activity    Functions to control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.
    GO:0008083    growth factor activity    The function that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation.
    GO:0005178    integrin binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an integrin.
    GO:0046934    phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase activity    Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
    GO:0005515    protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
    GO:0030296    protein tyrosine kinase activator activity    Increases the activity of a protein tyrosine kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a tyrosyl phenolic group on a protein.
    GO:0004713    protein tyrosine kinase activity    Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate.
    GO:0005102    receptor binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
    GO:0030971    receptor tyrosine kinase binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a receptor that possesses protein tyrosine kinase activity.
    GO:0003712    transcription cofactor activity    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a regulatory transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to modulate transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between regulatory transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.
    GO:0030297    transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activator activity    Binds to and increases the activity of a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase.
biological process
    GO:0038127    ERBB signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a member of the ERBB family of receptor tyrosine kinases on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
    GO:0038128    ERBB2 signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a member of the ERBB family of receptors on the surface of a cell, where the signal is transmitted by ERBB2. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. ERBB2 receptors are themselves unable to bind to ligands, but act as a signal-amplifying tyrosine kinase within a heterodimeric pair.
    GO:0000165    MAPK cascade    An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.
    GO:0000187    activation of MAPK activity    The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase (MAPK).
    GO:0032148    activation of protein kinase B activity    Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase B.
    GO:0007171    activation of transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity    Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity.
    GO:0008366    axon ensheathment    Any process in which the axon of a neuron is insulated, and that insulation maintained, thereby preventing dispersion of the electrical signal.
    GO:0007420    brain development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).
    GO:0003161    cardiac conduction system development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac conduction system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat.
    GO:0055007    cardiac muscle cell differentiation    The process in which a cardiac muscle precursor cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.
    GO:0060379    cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation    The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac myoblast. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life.
    GO:0007154    cell communication    Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
    GO:0016477    cell migration    The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.
    GO:0000902    cell morphogenesis    The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.
    GO:0008283    cell proliferation    The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
    GO:0043624    cellular protein complex disassembly    The disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components, occurring at the level of an individual cell. Protein complexes may have other associated non-protein prosthetic groups, such as nucleic acids, metal ions or carbohydrate groups.
    GO:0021842    chemorepulsion involved in interneuron migration from the subpallium to the cortex    The creation and reception of signals that result in the movement of interneurons away from the signal during migration from the subpallium to the cortex.
    GO:0009790    embryo development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.
    GO:0060956    endocardial cell differentiation    The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an endocardial cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart. The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
    GO:0010001    glial cell differentiation    The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell.
    GO:0021781    glial cell fate commitment    The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a glial cell.
    GO:0015758    glucose transport    The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
    GO:0007507    heart development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
    GO:0035556    intracellular signal transduction    The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell.
    GO:0007626    locomotory behavior    The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.
    GO:0030879    mammary gland development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk. Its development starts with the formation of the mammary line and ends as the mature gland cycles between nursing and weaning stages.
    GO:0007517    muscle organ development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work.
    GO:0042552    myelination    The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.
    GO:0010667    negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process    Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
    GO:2001240    negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand    Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.
    GO:2001223    negative regulation of neuron migration    Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.
    GO:0042177    negative regulation of protein catabolic process    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
    GO:0051048    negative regulation of secretion    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.
    GO:0045892    negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
    GO:0007399    nervous system development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.
    GO:0014032    neural crest cell development    The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
    GO:0022008    neurogenesis    Generation of cells within the nervous system.
    GO:0048663    neuron fate commitment    The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron.
    GO:0045213    neurotransmitter receptor metabolic process    The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitter receptors.
    GO:0048709    oligodendrocyte differentiation    The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system.
    GO:0018108    peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation    The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine.
    GO:0007422    peripheral nervous system development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.
    GO:0046854    phosphatidylinositol phosphorylation    The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a phosphatidylinositol, any glycerophosphoinositol having one phosphatidyl group esterified to one of the hydroxy groups of inositol.
    GO:0048015    phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling    A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling to convert a signal into a response. Phosphatidylinositols include phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives.
    GO:0043547    positive regulation of GTPase activity    Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase.
    GO:0046579    positive regulation of Ras protein signal transduction    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction.
    GO:0045773    positive regulation of axon extension    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension.
    GO:0070886    positive regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade.
    GO:2000727    positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.
    GO:0060045    positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.
    GO:0045785    positive regulation of cell adhesion    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.
    GO:0030307    positive regulation of cell growth    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
    GO:0008284    positive regulation of cell proliferation    Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.
    GO:0060999    positive regulation of dendritic spine development    Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
    GO:0031643    positive regulation of myelination    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.
    GO:0050731    positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.
    GO:0014068    positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
    GO:0051897    positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B.
    GO:0045860    positive regulation of protein kinase activity    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.
    GO:2000010    positive regulation of protein localization to cell surface    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to the cell surface.
    GO:1903955    positive regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to mitochondrion.
    GO:0061098    positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity    Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.
    GO:0051155    positive regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.
    GO:0045944    positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
    GO:0008217    regulation of blood pressure    Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.
    GO:0045595    regulation of cell differentiation    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features.
    GO:2000145    regulation of cell motility    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.
    GO:0014066    regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
    GO:0043497    regulation of protein heterodimerization activity    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein heterodimerization, interacting selectively with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer.
    GO:0043496    regulation of protein homodimerization activity    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer.
    GO:0001964    startle response    An action or movement due to the application of a sudden unexpected stimulus.
    GO:0007416    synapse assembly    The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional).
    GO:0007169    transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
    GO:0055012    ventricular cardiac muscle cell differentiation    The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a ventricular cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The ventricle is the part of the heart that pumps blood out of the organ.
    GO:0003222    ventricular trabecula myocardium morphogenesis    The process in which the anatomical structures of the trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.
    GO:0042060    wound healing    The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
cellular component
    GO:0016324    apical plasma membrane    The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell.
    GO:0030673    axolemma    The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding an axon; it is a specialized trilaminar random mosaic of protein molecules floating within a fluid matrix of highly mobile phospholipid molecules, 7-8 nm in thickness.
    GO:0030424    axon    The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.
    GO:0044297    cell body    The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections.
    GO:0005737    cytoplasm    All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
    GO:0030425    dendrite    A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, often branched, morphology, receives and integrates signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conducts a nerve impulse towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.
    GO:0009897    external side of plasma membrane    The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.
    GO:0005576    extracellular region    The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
    GO:0005615    extracellular space    That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.
    GO:0016021    integral component of membrane    The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
    GO:0005887    integral component of plasma membrane    The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
    GO:0016020    membrane    A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.
    GO:0031594    neuromuscular junction    The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential.
    GO:0005634    nucleus    A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
    GO:0005886    plasma membrane    The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
    GO:0045202    synapse    The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

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        NRG1_HUMAN | Q022971hae 1hre 1hrf 3u7u

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1hae