molecular function |
| GO:0005179 | | hormone activity | | The action characteristic of a hormone, any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. The term was originally applied to agents with a stimulatory physiological action in vertebrate animals (as opposed to a chalone, which has a depressant action). Usage is now extended to regulatory compounds in lower animals and plants, and to synthetic substances having comparable effects; all bind receptors and trigger some biological process. |
| GO:0042802 | | identical protein binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. |
| GO:0005515 | | protein binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). |
| GO:0042803 | | protein homodimerization activity | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. |
| GO:0005102 | | receptor binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. |
| GO:0033691 | | sialic acid binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with sialic acid, any of a variety of N- or O- substituted derivatives of neuraminic acid, a nine carbon monosaccharide. Sialic acids often occur in polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. |
biological process |
| GO:0033211 | | adiponectin-activated signaling pathway | | A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of adiponectin to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |
| GO:0050873 | | brown fat cell differentiation | | The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria. |
| GO:0071320 | | cellular response to cAMP | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus. |
| GO:0035690 | | cellular response to drug | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease. |
| GO:0071872 | | cellular response to epinephrine stimulus | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epinephrine stimulus. Epinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C9H13NO3; it is secreted by the adrenal medulla to act as a hormone, and released by certain neurons to act as a neurotransmitter active in the central nervous system. |
| GO:0032869 | | cellular response to insulin stimulus | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms. |
| GO:0007623 | | circadian rhythm | | Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. |
| GO:0070994 | | detection of oxidative stress | | The series of events in which a stimulus indicating oxidative stress is received and converted into a molecular signal. |
| GO:0006635 | | fatty acid beta-oxidation | | A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A; the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively). |
| GO:0019395 | | fatty acid oxidation | | The removal of one or more electrons from a fatty acid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen. |
| GO:0042593 | | glucose homeostasis | | Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell. |
| GO:0006006 | | glucose metabolic process | | The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. |
| GO:0034383 | | low-density lipoprotein particle clearance | | The process in which a low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded. |
| GO:0051899 | | membrane depolarization | | The process in which membrane potential decreases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more positive potential. For example, the initial depolarization during the rising phase of an action potential is in the direction from the negative steady-state resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential. |
| GO:0060081 | | membrane hyperpolarization | | The process in which membrane potential increases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more negative potential. For example, during the repolarization phase of an action potential the membrane potential often becomes more negative or hyperpolarized before returning to the steady-state resting potential. |
| GO:2000279 | | negative regulation of DNA biosynthetic process | | Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process. |
| GO:0070373 | | negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. |
| GO:0043124 | | negative regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of -kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. |
| GO:0043407 | | negative regulation of MAP kinase activity | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity. |
| GO:0045776 | | negative regulation of blood pressure | | Any process in which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is decreased. |
| GO:0030336 | | negative regulation of cell migration | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. |
| GO:0045599 | | negative regulation of fat cell differentiation | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation. |
| GO:0045721 | | negative regulation of gluconeogenesis | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis. |
| GO:0030853 | | negative regulation of granulocyte differentiation | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation. |
| GO:0034115 | | negative regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion. |
| GO:0046888 | | negative regulation of hormone secretion | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell. |
| GO:0050728 | | negative regulation of inflammatory response | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. |
| GO:0090317 | | negative regulation of intracellular protein transport | | Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells. |
| GO:0045715 | | negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor biosynthetic process | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptors. |
| GO:0010745 | | negative regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation | | Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions. |
| GO:0045650 | | negative regulation of macrophage differentiation | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation. |
| GO:2000590 | | negative regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration | | Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration. |
| GO:0050765 | | negative regulation of phagocytosis | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis. |
| GO:0010642 | | negative regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway. |
| GO:2000584 | | negative regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway | | Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway. |
| GO:0031953 | | negative regulation of protein autophosphorylation | | Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues. |
| GO:1900121 | | negative regulation of receptor binding | | Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor. |
| GO:0014912 | | negative regulation of smooth muscle cell migration | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration. |
| GO:0048662 | | negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation | | Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. |
| GO:0050805 | | negative regulation of synaptic transmission | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. |
| GO:0045892 | | negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
| GO:0032720 | | negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production. |
| GO:0010804 | | negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway | | Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor. |
| GO:0043123 | | positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. |
| GO:0045777 | | positive regulation of blood pressure | | Any process in which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is increased. |
| GO:2000481 | | positive regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity. |
| GO:0032270 | | positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell. |
| GO:0010875 | | positive regulation of cholesterol efflux | | Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle. |
| GO:0045923 | | positive regulation of fatty acid metabolic process | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids. |
| GO:0046326 | | positive regulation of glucose import | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle. |
| GO:2000467 | | positive regulation of glycogen (starch) synthase activity | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen (starch) synthase activity. |
| GO:0032757 | | positive regulation of interleukin-8 production | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production. |
| GO:2000478 | | positive regulation of metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell development | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell development. |
| GO:0071639 | | positive regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1. |
| GO:0033034 | | positive regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process. |
| GO:0050731 | | positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine. |
| GO:0010739 | | positive regulation of protein kinase A signaling | | Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. |
| GO:0045860 | | positive regulation of protein kinase activity | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity. |
| GO:0001934 | | positive regulation of protein phosphorylation | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. |
| GO:2000534 | | positive regulation of renal albumin absorption | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of renal albumin absorption. |
| GO:0009967 | | positive regulation of signal transduction | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. |
| GO:0070208 | | protein heterotrimerization | | The formation of a protein heterotrimer, a macromolecular structure consisting of three noncovalently associated subunits, of which not all are identical. |
| GO:0051260 | | protein homooligomerization | | The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer. |
| GO:0072659 | | protein localization to plasma membrane | | A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane. |
| GO:0010906 | | regulation of glucose metabolic process | | Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. |
| GO:0014823 | | response to activity | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an activity stimulus. |
| GO:0042493 | | response to drug | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease. |
| GO:0045471 | | response to ethanol | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus. |
| GO:0051384 | | response to glucocorticoid | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects. |
| GO:0009749 | | response to glucose | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus. |
| GO:0001666 | | response to hypoxia | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. |
| GO:0070543 | | response to linoleic acid | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a linoleic acid stimulus. |
| GO:0007584 | | response to nutrient | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus. |
| GO:0031667 | | response to nutrient levels | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients. |
| GO:0009744 | | response to sucrose | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sucrose stimulus. |
| GO:0034612 | | response to tumor necrosis factor | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus. |
cellular component |
| GO:0071944 | | cell periphery | | The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures. |
| GO:0009986 | | cell surface | | The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. |
| GO:0005581 | | collagen trimer | | A protein complex consisting of three collagen chains assembled into a left-handed triple helix. These trimers typically assemble into higher order structures. |
| GO:0005783 | | endoplasmic reticulum | | The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). |
| GO:0070062 | | extracellular exosome | | A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. |
| GO:0005576 | | extracellular region | | The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. |
| GO:0005615 | | extracellular space | | That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. |
| GO:0048471 | | perinuclear region of cytoplasm | | Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. |
| GO:0043234 | | protein complex | | A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical. |