Amino Acid Name	3-letter Code	1-letter Code	Mass [dalton]	Surface [Å2]	Volume [Å3]	pKa (sidechain)	pI (at 25°C)	Solubility [g/100g] (at 25°C)	Crystal Density
Alanine	Ala	A	71.09	115	88.6	-	6.107	16.65	1.401
Arginine	Arg	R	156.19	225	173.4	~12	10.76	15.0	1.100
Aspartic Acid	Asp	D	115.09	150	111.1	4.5	2.98	0.778	1.660
Asparagine	Asn	N	114.11	160	114.1	-	-	3.53	1.540
Cysteine	Cys	C	103.15	135	108.5	9.1-9.5	5.02	very high	-
Glutamic Acid	Glu	E	129.12	190	138.4	4.6	3.08	0.864	1.460
Glutamine	Gln	Q	128.14	180	143.8	-	-	2.5	-
Glycine	Gly	G	57.05	75	60.1	-	6.064	24.99	1.607
Histidine	His	H	137.14	195	153.2	6.2	7.64	4.19	-
Isoleucine	Ile	I	113.16	175	166.7	-	6.038	4.117	-
Leucine	Leu	L	113.16	170	166.7	-	6.036	2.426	1.191
Lysine	Lys	K	128.17	200	168.6	10.4	9.47	very high	-
Methionine	Met	M	131.19	185	162.9	-	5.74	3.381	1.340
Phenylalanine	Phe	F	147.18	210	189.9	-	5.91	2.965	-
Proline	Pro	P	97.12	145	112.7	-	6.3	162.3	-
Serine	Ser	S	87.08	115	89.0	-	5.68	5.023	1.537
Threonine	Thr	T	101.11	140	116.1	-	-	very high	-
Tryptophan	Trp	W	186.12	255	227.8	-	5.88	1.136	-
Tyrosine	Tyr	Y	163.18	230	193.6	9.7	5.63	0.0453	1.456
Valine	Val	V	99.14	155	140.0	-	6.002	8.85	1.230

Hyperlinks
Amino Acid Name	:	NIST Chemistry WebBook entry
3-letter Code	:	GIF image
1-letter Code	:	VRML

Data Sources
Surface	:	C.Chothia, J. Mol. Biol., 105(1975)1-14
Volume	:	A.A. Zamyatin, Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 24(1972)107-123
pKa	:	C. Tanford, Adv. Prot. Chem., 17(1962)69-165
pI	:	The Merck Index, Merck & Co. Inc., Nahway, N.J., 11(1989); CRC Handbook of Chem.& Phys., Cleveland, Ohio, 58(1977)
Solubility	:	The Merck Index, Merck & Co. Inc., Nahway, N.J., 11(1989); CRC Handbook of Chem.& Phys., Cleveland, Ohio, 58(1977)
Crystal Density	:	The Merck Index, Merck & Co. Inc., Nahway, N.J., 11(1989); CRC Handbook of Chem.& Phys., Cleveland, Ohio, 58(1977)

  classification image (JPEG)

Amino Acid				Estimated Hydrophobic Effect
Name			Residue Non-polar Surface Area a [Å2]	For Residue Burial  [kcal/mol]	For Side Chain Burial b [kcal/mol]
Glycine	Gly	G	47	1.18	0.0
Alanine	Ala	A	86	2.15	1.0
Valine	Val	V	135	3.38	2.2
Isoleucine	Ile	I	155	3.88	2.7
Leucine	Leu	L	164	4.10	2.9
Proline	Pro	P	124	3.10	1.9
Cysteine	Cys	C	48	1.20	0.0
Methionine	Met	M	137	3.43	2.3
Phenylalanine	Phe	F	39+155	3.46	2.3
Tryptophan	Trp	W	37+199	4.11	2.9
Tyrosine	Tyr	Y	38+116	2.81	1.6
Histidine	His	H	43+86	2.45	1.3
Threonine	Thr	T	90	2.25	1.1
Serine	Ser	S	56	1.40	0.2
Glutamine	Gln	Q	66	1.65	0.5
Asparagine	Asn	N	42	1.05	-0.1
Glutamic Acid	Glu	E	69	1.73	0.5
Aspartic Acid	Asp	D	45	1.13	-0.1
Lysine	Lys	K	122	3.05	1.9
Arginine	Arg	R	89	2.23	1.1

Source: P.A.Karplus, Protein Science 6(1997)1302-1307
^a All surfaces associated with main- and side-chain carbon atoms were included except for amide, carboxylate and guanidino carbons. For aromatic side chains, the aliphatic and aromatic surface areas are reported seperately.
^b The values are obtained from the previous column by subtracting the value for Gly (1.18 kcal/mol) from each residue.

  amino acid image (GIF)

Solvent Exposed Area (SEA)

The solvent accessibility information was derived from (^a). The data for this table was calculated from 55 proteins (5624 residues) in the Brookhaven data base in 1991. The only clear trend in this table is that some residues, such as R and K, locate themselves so that they have access to the solvent. The hydrophobic residues, such as L and F, show no clear trend: they are found near the solvent as often as they are found buried.

Amino Acid			Solvent Exposed area (SEA)
Name			>30 Å2 (exposed)	<10 Å2 (buried)	10-30 Å2
Alanine	Ala	A	48%	35%	17%
Arginine	Arg	R	84%	5%	11%
Aspartic Acid	Asp	D	81%	9%	10%
Asparagine	Asn	N	82%	10%	8%
Cysteine	Cys	C	32%	54%	14%
Glutamic Acid	Glu	E	93%	4%	3%
Glutamine	Gln	Q	81%	10%	9%
Glycine	Gly	G	51%	36%	13%
Histidine	His	H	66%	19%	15%
Isoleucine	Ile	I	39%	47%	14%
Leucine	Leu	L	41%	49%	10%
Lysine	Lys	K	93%	2%	5%
Methionine	Met	M	44%	20%	36%
Phenylalanine	Phe	F	42%	42%	16%
Proline	Pro	P	78%	13%	9%
Serine	Ser	S	70%	20%	10%
Threonine	Thr	T	71%	16%	13%
Tryptophan	Trp	W	49%	44%	7%
Tyrosine	Tyr	Y	67%	20%	13%
Valine	Val	V	40%	50%	10%

^a D. Bordo and P. Argos, J. Mol. Biol. 217(1991)721-729(The absolute residue counts from table 2 were converted into relative values.)

	Mutated Residues
	Gly	Ala	Ser	Pro	Val	Thr	Cys	Ile	Leu	Asn	Asp	Gln	Lys	Glu	Met	His	Phe	Arg	Tyr	Trp
Gly		14	30	40	42	44	46	56	56	57	58	71	71	72	74	80	90	99	106	129
Ala	-14		16	26	28	30	32	42	42	43	44	57	57	58	60	66	76	85	92	115
Ser	-30	-16		10	12	14	15	26	26	27	28	41	41	42	44	50	60	69	76	99
Pro	-40	-126	-10		2	4	6	16	16	17	18	31	31	32	34	40	50	59	66	89
Val	-42	-28	-12	-2		2	4	14	14	15	16	29	29	30	32	38	48	57	64	87
Thr	-44	-30	-14	-4	-2		2	12	12	13	14	27	27	28	30	36	48	55	62	85
Cys	-46	-32	-16	-6	-4	-2		10	10	11	12	25	25	26	28	34	44	53	60	83
Ile	-56	-42	-26	-16	-14	-12	-10		0	1	2	15	15	16	18	24	34	43	50	73
Leu	-56	-42	-26	-16	-14	-12	-10	0		1	2	15	15	16	18	24	34	43	50	73
Asn	-57	-43	-27	-17	-15	-13	-11	-1	-1		1	14	14	15	17	23	33	42	49	72
Asp	-58	-44	-28	-18	-16	-14	-12	-2	-2	-1		13	13	14	16	22	32	41	48	71
Gln	-71	-57	-41	-31	-29	-27	-25	-15	-15	-14	-13		0	1	3	9	19	28	35	58
Lys	-71	-57	-41	-31	-29	-27	-25	-15	-15	-14	-13	0		1	3	9	19	28	35	58
Glu	-72	-58	-42	-32	-30	-28	-26	-16	-16	-15	-14	-1	-1		2	8	18	27	34	57
Met	-74	-60	-44	-34	-32	-30	-28	-18	-18	-17	-16	-3	-3	-2		6	16	25	32	55
His	-80	-66	-50	-40	-38	-36	-34	-24	-24	-23	-22	-9	-9	-8	-6		10	19	26	49
Phe	-90	-76	-60	-50	-48	-46	-44	-34	-34	-33	-32	-19	-19	-18	-16	-10		9	16	39
Arg	-99	-85	-69	-59	-57	-55	-53	-43	-43	-42	-41	-28	-28	-27	-25	-19	-9		7	30
Tyr	-106	-92	-76	-66	-64	-62	-60	-50	-50	-49	-48	-35	-35	-34	-32	-26	-16	-7		23
Trp	-129	-115	-99	-89	-87	-85	-83	-73	-73	-72	-71	-58	-58	-57	-55	-49	-39	-30	-23

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  amino acid substitution image (JPEG)

  Ramachandran plots from Uppsala University (PostScript | GIF)