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(-) Description

Title :  CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN PTIP BRCT5/6-GAMMA H2AX COMPLEX
 
Authors :  W. Yan, Z. H. Shao
Date :  05 Jul 11  (Deposition) - 09 Nov 11  (Release) - 09 Nov 11  (Revision)
Method :  X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Resolution :  2.15
Chains :  Asym. Unit :  A,B,C,D
Biol. Unit 1:  A,C  (1x)
Biol. Unit 2:  B,D  (1x)
Keywords :  Tandem Brct Domains, H2Ax, Cell Cycle (Keyword Search: [Gene Ontology, PubMed, Web (Google))
 
Reference :  W. Yan, Z. H. Shao
Crystal Structure Of Human Ptip Brct5/6-Gamma H2Ax
To Be Published
PubMed: search

(-) Compounds

Molecule 1 - PAX-INTERACTING PROTEIN 1
    ChainsA, B
    EngineeredYES
    Expression SystemESCHERICHIA COLI
    Expression System PlasmidPET28A
    Expression System StrainBL21(DE3)
    Expression System Taxid562
    Expression System Vector TypePLASMID
    FragmentBRCT 5-BRCT 6 DOMAINS
    GenePTIP
    Organism CommonHUMAN
    Organism ScientificHOMO SAPIENS
    Organism Taxid9606
    SynonymPTIP, PAX TRANSACTIVATION ACTIVATION DOMAIN-INTERACTING PROTEIN
 
Molecule 2 - HISTONE H2A.X
    ChainsC, D
    EngineeredYES
    FragmentUNP RESIDUES 134-143
    Organism CommonHUMAN
    Organism ScientificHOMO SAPIENS
    Organism Taxid9606
    Other DetailsSYNTHETIC PEPTIDE
    SynonymH2AX, H2A/X
    SyntheticYES

 Structural Features

(-) Chains, Units

  1234
Asymmetric Unit ABCD
Biological Unit 1 (1x)A C 
Biological Unit 2 (1x) B D

Summary Information (see also Sequences/Alignments below)

(-) Ligands, Modified Residues, Ions  (1, 2)

Asymmetric Unit (1, 2)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1SEP2Mod. Amino AcidPHOSPHOSERINE
Biological Unit 1 (1, 1)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1SEP1Mod. Amino AcidPHOSPHOSERINE
Biological Unit 2 (1, 1)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1SEP1Mod. Amino AcidPHOSPHOSERINE

(-) Sites  (0, 0)

(no "Site" information available for 3SQD)

(-) SS Bonds  (0, 0)

(no "SS Bond" information available for 3SQD)

(-) Cis Peptide Bonds  (2, 2)

Asymmetric Unit
No.Residues
1Cys A:985 -Pro A:986
2Cys B:985 -Pro B:986

 Sequence-Structure Mapping

(-) SAPs(SNPs)/Variants  (1, 2)

Asymmetric Unit (1, 2)
  dbSNPPDB
No.SourceVariant IDVariantUniProt IDStatusIDChainVariant
1UniProtVAR_034627M1013VPAXI1_HUMANPolymorphism3501A/BM1013V

  SNP/SAP Summary Statistics (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
Biological Unit 1 (1, 1)
  dbSNPPDB
No.SourceVariant IDVariantUniProt IDStatusIDChainVariant
1UniProtVAR_034627M1013VPAXI1_HUMANPolymorphism3501AM1013V

  SNP/SAP Summary Statistics (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
Biological Unit 2 (1, 1)
  dbSNPPDB
No.SourceVariant IDVariantUniProt IDStatusIDChainVariant
1UniProtVAR_034627M1013VPAXI1_HUMANPolymorphism3501BM1013V

  SNP/SAP Summary Statistics (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

(-) PROSITE Motifs  (1, 2)

Asymmetric Unit (1, 2)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1BRCTPS50172 BRCT domain profile.PAXI1_HUMAN8-93
94-183
601-694
711-772
866-947
 
  2-
-
-
-
A:866-947
B:866-947
Biological Unit 1 (1, 1)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1BRCTPS50172 BRCT domain profile.PAXI1_HUMAN8-93
94-183
601-694
711-772
866-947
 
  1-
-
-
-
A:866-947
-
Biological Unit 2 (1, 1)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1BRCTPS50172 BRCT domain profile.PAXI1_HUMAN8-93
94-183
601-694
711-772
866-947
 
  1-
-
-
-
-
B:866-947

(-) Exons   (1, 2)

Asymmetric Unit (1, 2)
 ENSEMBLUniProtKBPDB
No.Transcript IDExonExon IDGenome LocationLengthIDLocationLengthCountLocationLength
1.1bENST000003751671bENSE00001465957chr11:118966159-118965170990H2AX_HUMAN1-1621622C:133-142
D:139-142
10
4
1.1cENST000003751671cENSE00001465955chr11:118964971-118964589383H2AX_HUMAN-00--

(-) Sequences/Alignments

Asymmetric Unit
   Reformat: Number of residues per line =  ('0' or empty: single-line sequence representation)
  Number of residues per labelling interval =   
  UniProt sequence: complete  aligned part    
   Show mapping: SCOP domains CATH domains Pfam domains Secondary structure (by author)
SAPs(SNPs) PROSITE motifs Exons
(details for a mapped element are shown in a popup box when the mouse pointer rests over it)
Chain A from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:211
 aligned with PAXI1_HUMAN | Q6ZW49 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:1069

    Alignment length:211
                                   868       878       888       898       908       918       928       938       948       958       968       978       988       998      1008      1018      1028      1038      1048      1058      1068 
         PAXI1_HUMAN    859 KKLTPELTPFVLFTGFEPVQVQQYIKKLYILGGEVAESAQKCTHLIASKVTRTVKFLTAISVVKHIVTPEWLEECFRCQKFIDEQNYILRDAEAEVLFSFSLEESLKRAHVSPLFKAKYFYITPGICPSLSTMKAIVECAGGKVLSKQPSFRKLMEHKQNSSLSEIILISCENDLHLCREYFARGIDVHNAEFVLTGVLTQTLDYESYKFN 1069
               SCOP domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SCOP domains
               CATH domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author ...hhhhh.eeee...hhhhhhhhhhhhhhh..ee..hhhhh.eee......hhhhhhhh....eeehhhhhhhhhhhh....hhhhh..hhhhhhhh..hhhhhhhhhhhh.....eeeee......hhhhhhhhhhhh..eee....hhhhhhhhhhh....eeeeeehhhhhhhhhhhhhh....eehhhhhhhhhhh.......... Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V-------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE -------BRCT  PDB: A:866-947 UniProt: 866-947                                             -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                3sqd A  859 MKLTPELTPFVLFTGFEPVQVQQYIKKLYILGGEVAESAQKCTHLIASKVTRTVKFLTAISVVKHIVTPEWLEECFRCQKFIDEQNYILRDAEAEVLFSFSLEESLKRAHVSPLFKAKYFYITPGICPSLSTMKAIVECAGGKVLSKQPSFRKLMEHKQNSSLSEIILISCENDLHLCREYFARGIDVHNAEFVLTGVLTQTLDYESYKFN 1069
                                   868       878       888       898       908       918       928       938       948       958       968       978       988       998      1008      1018      1028      1038      1048      1058      1068 

Chain B from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:205
 aligned with PAXI1_HUMAN | Q6ZW49 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:1069

    Alignment length:205
                                   874       884       894       904       914       924       934       944       954       964       974       984       994      1004      1014      1024      1034      1044      1054      1064     
         PAXI1_HUMAN    865 LTPFVLFTGFEPVQVQQYIKKLYILGGEVAESAQKCTHLIASKVTRTVKFLTAISVVKHIVTPEWLEECFRCQKFIDEQNYILRDAEAEVLFSFSLEESLKRAHVSPLFKAKYFYITPGICPSLSTMKAIVECAGGKVLSKQPSFRKLMEHKQNSSLSEIILISCENDLHLCREYFARGIDVHNAEFVLTGVLTQTLDYESYKFN 1069
               SCOP domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SCOP domains
               CATH domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author ...eeee...hhhhhhhhhhhhhhh..ee........eee......hhhhhhhhhhh.eeehhhhhhhhhhh.....hhhhh..hhhhhhhh..hhhhhhhhhhhh.....eeeee......hhhhhhhhhhhh..ee.....hhhhhhhhhhh....eeeee.hhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.....hhhhhhhhhhh.......... Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V-------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE -BRCT  PDB: B:866-947 UniProt: 866-947                                             -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                3sqd B  865 LTPFVLFTGFEPVQVQQYIKKLYILGGEVAESAQKCTHLIASKVTRTVKFLTAISVVKHIVTPEWLEECFRCQKFIDEQNYILRDAEAEVLFSFSLEESLKRAHVSPLFKAKYFYITPGICPSLSTMKAIVECAGGKVLSKQPSFRKLMEHKQNSSLSEIILISCENDLHLCREYFARGIDVHNAEFVLTGVLTQTLDYESYKFN 1069
                                   874       884       894       904       914       924       934       944       954       964       974       984       994      1004      1014      1024      1034      1044      1054      1064     

Chain C from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:10
 aligned with H2AX_HUMAN | P16104 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:143

    Alignment length:10
                                   143
          H2AX_HUMAN    134 KKATQASQEY  143
               SCOP domains ---------- SCOP domains
               CATH domains ---------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains ---------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author .......... Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ---------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ---------- PROSITE
               Transcript 1 Exon 1.1b  Transcript 1
                3sqd C  133 KKATQAsQEY  142
                                  |142
                                  |   
                                139-SEP

Chain D from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:4
 aligned with H2AX_HUMAN | P16104 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:143

    Alignment length:4
          H2AX_HUMAN    140 SQEY  143
               SCOP domains ---- SCOP domains
               CATH domains ---- CATH domains
               Pfam domains ---- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author .... Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ---- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ---- PROSITE
               Transcript 1 1.1b Transcript 1
                3sqd D  139 sQEY  142
                            |   
                            |   
                          139-SEP

   Legend:   → Mismatch (orange background)
  - → Gap (green background, '-', border residues have a numbering label)
    → Modified Residue (blue background, lower-case, 'x' indicates undefined single-letter code, labelled with number + name)
  x → Chemical Group (purple background, 'x', labelled with number + name, e.g. ACE or NH2)
  extra numbering lines below/above indicate numbering irregularities and modified residue names etc., number ends below/above '|'

 Classification and Annotation

(-) SCOP Domains  (0, 0)

(no "SCOP Domain" information available for 3SQD)

(-) CATH Domains  (0, 0)

(no "CATH Domain" information available for 3SQD)

(-) Pfam Domains  (0, 0)

(no "Pfam Domain" information available for 3SQD)

(-) Gene Ontology  (54, 62)

Asymmetric Unit(hide GO term definitions)
Chain A,B   (PAXI1_HUMAN | Q6ZW49)
molecular function
    GO:0005515    protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
biological process
    GO:0030330    DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator    A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.
    GO:0006310    DNA recombination    Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction.
    GO:0006281    DNA repair    The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.
    GO:0060612    adipose tissue development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of adipose tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Adipose tissue is specialized tissue that is used to store fat.
    GO:0006974    cellular response to DNA damage stimulus    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.
    GO:0060717    chorion development    The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chorion from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The chorion is an extraembryonic membrane.
    GO:0006303    double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining    The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends. This term covers instances of separate pathways, called classical (or canonical) and alternative nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ and A-NHEJ). These in turn may further branch into sub-pathways, but evidence is still unclear.
    GO:0043542    endothelial cell migration    The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.
    GO:0051568    histone H3-K4 methylation    The modification of histone H3 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 4 of the histone.
    GO:0000416    positive regulation of histone H3-K36 methylation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3.
    GO:0051571    positive regulation of histone H3-K4 methylation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 4 of histone H3.
    GO:0035066    positive regulation of histone acetylation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein.
    GO:0045830    positive regulation of isotype switching    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.
    GO:0031398    positive regulation of protein ubiquitination    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.
    GO:0060261    positive regulation of transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter    Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in starting transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
    GO:0006355    regulation of transcription, DNA-templated    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
    GO:0010212    response to ionizing radiation    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.
    GO:0006351    transcription, DNA-templated    The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA.
    GO:0001570    vasculogenesis    The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.
cellular component
    GO:0044666    MLL3/4 complex    A protein complex that can methylate lysine-4 of histone H3, and which contains either of the protein subunits MLL3 or MLL4 in mammals, or equivalent in other species.
    GO:0035097    histone methyltransferase complex    A multimeric complex that is able to catalyze the addition of methyl groups to histone proteins.
    GO:0016363    nuclear matrix    The dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane.
    GO:0005654    nucleoplasm    That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.
    GO:0005634    nucleus    A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

Chain C,D   (H2AX_HUMAN | P16104)
molecular function
    GO:0003677    DNA binding    Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
    GO:0003684    damaged DNA binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with damaged DNA.
    GO:0019899    enzyme binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme.
    GO:0042393    histone binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a histone, any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of eukaroytic chromosomes. They are involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes during cell division and have also been implicated in nonspecific suppression of gene activity.
    GO:0005515    protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
    GO:0046982    protein heterodimerization activity    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer.
biological process
    GO:0000077    DNA damage checkpoint    A cell cycle checkpoint that regulates progression through the cell cycle in response to DNA damage. A DNA damage checkpoint may blocks cell cycle progression (in G1, G2 or metaphase) or slow the rate at which S phase proceeds.
    GO:0006310    DNA recombination    Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction.
    GO:0006281    DNA repair    The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.
    GO:0007049    cell cycle    The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.
    GO:0006974    cellular response to DNA damage stimulus    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.
    GO:0071480    cellular response to gamma radiation    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
    GO:0090398    cellular senescence    A cell aging process stimulated in response to cellular stress, whereby normal cells lose the ability to divide through irreversible cell cycle arrest.
    GO:0021987    cerebral cortex development    The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon.
    GO:0006342    chromatin silencing    Repression of transcription by altering the structure of chromatin, e.g. by conversion of large regions of DNA into an inaccessible state often called heterochromatin.
    GO:0006302    double-strand break repair    The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix.
    GO:0000724    double-strand break repair via homologous recombination    The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule.
    GO:0006303    double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining    The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends. This term covers instances of separate pathways, called classical (or canonical) and alternative nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ and A-NHEJ). These in turn may further branch into sub-pathways, but evidence is still unclear.
    GO:0051321    meiotic cell cycle    Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions.
    GO:0006334    nucleosome assembly    The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.
    GO:0045739    positive regulation of DNA repair    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.
    GO:0010212    response to ionizing radiation    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.
    GO:0007283    spermatogenesis    The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis.
    GO:0016032    viral process    A multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant. The other participant is the host. Includes infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle.
cellular component
    GO:0001741    XY body    A structure found in a male mammalian spermatocyte containing an unpaired X chromosome that has become densely heterochromatic, silenced and localized at the nuclear periphery.
    GO:0000785    chromatin    The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome.
    GO:0005694    chromosome    A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.
    GO:0000781    chromosome, telomeric region    The terminal region of a linear chromosome that includes the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.
    GO:0000794    condensed nuclear chromosome    A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct nuclear chromosome.
    GO:0070062    extracellular exosome    A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.
    GO:0001673    male germ cell nucleus    The nucleus of a male germ cell, a reproductive cell in males.
    GO:0000790    nuclear chromatin    The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome in the nucleus.
    GO:0005654    nucleoplasm    That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.
    GO:0000786    nucleosome    A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures.
    GO:0005634    nucleus    A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
    GO:0005657    replication fork    The Y-shaped region of a replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes.
    GO:0035861    site of double-strand break    A region of a chromosome at which a DNA double-strand break has occurred. DNA damage signaling and repair proteins accumulate at the lesion to respond to the damage and repair the DNA to form a continuous DNA helix.

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  PAXI1_HUMAN | Q6ZW49
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        H2AX_HUMAN | P161041ydp 2azm 2d31 2dyp 3shv 3szm 3u3z

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