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(-) Description

Title :  CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN DEHYDROGENASE/REDUCTASE (SDR FAMILY) MEMBER 4 (DHRS4)
 
Authors :  E. Ugochukwu, C. Bhatia, T. Krojer, M. Vollmar, W. W. Yue, C. Bountra, C. H. Arrowsmith, J. Weigelt, A. Edwards, F. Von Delft, U. Oppermann, Structural Genomics Consortium (Sgc)
Date :  27 Jul 10  (Deposition) - 04 Aug 10  (Release) - 04 Aug 10  (Revision)
Method :  X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Resolution :  1.70
Chains :  Asym./Biol. Unit :  A,B,C,D
Keywords :  Structural Genomics, Structural Genomics Consortium, Sgc, Dehydrogenase/Reductase, Oxidoreductase (Keyword Search: [Gene Ontology, PubMed, Web (Google))
 
Reference :  E. Ugochukwu, C. Bhatia, T. Krojer, M. Vollmar, W. W. Yue, C. Bountra, C. H. Arrowsmith, J. Weigelt, A. Edwards, F. Von Delft, U. Oppermann
Crystal Structure Of Human Dehydrogenase/Reductase (Sdr Family) Member 4 (Dhrs4)
To Be Published
PubMed: search

(-) Compounds

Molecule 1 - DEHYDROGENASE/REDUCTASE SDR FAMILY MEMBER 4
    ChainsA, B, C, D
    EC Number1.1.1.184
    EngineeredYES
    Expression SystemESCHERICHIA COLI
    Expression System PlasmidPNIC28-BSA4
    Expression System StrainBL21(DE3)-R3-PRARE2
    Expression System Taxid562
    FragmentDHRS4
    GeneDHRS4, UNQ851/PRO1800
    Organism CommonHUMAN
    Organism ScientificHOMO SAPIENS
    Organism Taxid9606
    SynonymSHORT-CHAIN DEHYDROGENASE/REDUCTASE FAMILY MEMBER 4, NADPH- DEPENDENT CARBONYL REDUCTASE/NADP-RETINOL DEHYDROGENASE, PHCR, CR, PEROXISOMAL SHORT-CHAIN ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE, PSCD, NADPH-DEPENDENT RETINOL DEHYDROGENASE/REDUCTASE, NRDR, HUMNRDR, SCAD-SRL

 Structural Features

(-) Chains, Units

  1234
Asymmetric/Biological Unit ABCD

Summary Information (see also Sequences/Alignments below)

(-) Ligands, Modified Residues, Ions  (4, 11)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit (4, 11)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1EDO4Ligand/Ion1,2-ETHANEDIOL
2EPE1Ligand/Ion4-(2-HYDROXYETHYL)-1-PIPERAZINE ETHANESULFONIC ACID
3GOL2Ligand/IonGLYCEROL
4NAP4Ligand/IonNADP NICOTINAMIDE-ADENINE-DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE

(-) Sites  (11, 11)

Asymmetric Unit (11, 11)
No.NameEvidenceResiduesDescription
01AC1SOFTWAREALA A:39 , THR A:41 , ASP A:42 , GLY A:43 , ILE A:44 , SER A:63 , ARG A:64 , LYS A:65 , ASN A:68 , CYS A:88 , HIS A:89 , VAL A:90 , ASN A:116 , ALA A:118 , SER A:168 , SER A:169 , TYR A:182 , LYS A:186 , PRO A:212 , GLY A:213 , LEU A:214 , ILE A:215 , THR A:217 , PHE A:219 , SER A:220 , HOH A:280 , HOH A:299 , HOH A:330 , HOH A:331 , HOH A:340 , HOH A:341 , HOH A:346 , HOH A:368BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAP A 601
02AC2SOFTWAREASN A:204 , ARG A:206 , HOH A:305 , HOH A:389 , ARG C:240BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE EDO A 703
03AC3SOFTWAREARG A:64 , HIS A:89 , HOH A:341BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE EPE A 705
04AC4SOFTWAREALA B:39 , THR B:41 , ASP B:42 , GLY B:43 , ILE B:44 , SER B:63 , ARG B:64 , LYS B:65 , ASN B:68 , CYS B:88 , HIS B:89 , VAL B:90 , ASN B:116 , ALA B:118 , SER B:168 , SER B:169 , TYR B:182 , LYS B:186 , PRO B:212 , GLY B:213 , ILE B:215 , THR B:217 , PHE B:219 , SER B:220 , HOH B:280 , HOH B:285 , HOH B:314 , HOH B:316 , HOH B:321 , HOH B:334 , HOH B:383 , HOH B:384 , HOH B:486 , GOL B:707BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAP B 602
05AC5SOFTWAREPHE B:123 , SER B:125 , ASP D:128BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE EDO B 702
06AC6SOFTWAREARG B:240 , HOH B:301 , HOH B:407 , ALA D:201 , ASN D:204 , ARG D:206BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE EDO B 704
07AC7SOFTWARESER B:169 , TYR B:182 , NAP B:602BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE GOL B 707
08AC8SOFTWAREALA C:39 , THR C:41 , ASP C:42 , GLY C:43 , ILE C:44 , SER C:63 , ARG C:64 , LYS C:65 , ASN C:68 , CYS C:88 , HIS C:89 , VAL C:90 , ASN C:116 , ALA C:118 , SER C:168 , SER C:169 , TYR C:182 , LYS C:186 , PRO C:212 , GLY C:213 , ILE C:215 , THR C:217 , PHE C:219 , SER C:220 , HOH C:279 , HOH C:300 , HOH C:302 , HOH C:308 , HOH C:318 , HOH C:501 , HOH C:607 , GOL C:706BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAP C 604
09AC9SOFTWARESER C:169 , TYR C:182 , NAP C:604BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE GOL C 706
10BC1SOFTWAREHOH D:14 , ALA D:39 , THR D:41 , ASP D:42 , GLY D:43 , ILE D:44 , SER D:63 , ARG D:64 , LYS D:65 , ASN D:68 , CYS D:88 , HIS D:89 , VAL D:90 , ASN D:116 , ALA D:118 , SER D:168 , SER D:169 , TYR D:182 , LYS D:186 , PRO D:212 , GLY D:213 , ILE D:215 , THR D:217 , PHE D:219 , SER D:220 , HOH D:291 , HOH D:306 , HOH D:313 , HOH D:315 , HOH D:338 , HOH D:436 , HOH D:438BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAP D 603
11BC2SOFTWAREASN B:204 , ARG D:240 , HOH D:320 , HOH D:397BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE EDO D 701

(-) SS Bonds  (0, 0)

(no "SS Bond" information available for 3O4R)

(-) Cis Peptide Bonds  (0, 0)

(no "Cis Peptide Bond" information available for 3O4R)

 Sequence-Structure Mapping

(-) SAPs(SNPs)/Variants  (2, 8)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit (2, 8)
  dbSNPPDB
No.SourceVariant IDVariantUniProt IDStatusIDChainVariant
1UniProtVAR_057272A31TDHRS4_HUMANPolymorphism1043442A/B/C/DA31T
2UniProtVAR_061846P202SDHRS4_HUMANPolymorphism1043650A/B/C/DP202S

  SNP/SAP Summary Statistics (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

(-) PROSITE Motifs  (1, 4)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit (1, 4)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1ADH_SHORTPS00061 Short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases family signature.DHRS4_HUMAN169-197
 
 
 
  4A:169-197
B:169-197
C:169-197
D:169-197

(-) Exons   (0, 0)

(no "Exon" information available for 3O4R)

(-) Sequences/Alignments

Asymmetric/Biological Unit
   Reformat: Number of residues per line =  ('0' or empty: single-line sequence representation)
  Number of residues per labelling interval =   
  UniProt sequence: complete  aligned part    
   Show mapping: SCOP domains CATH domains Pfam domains Secondary structure (by author)
SAPs(SNPs) PROSITE motifs Exons
(details for a mapped element are shown in a popup box when the mouse pointer rests over it)
Chain A from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:254
 aligned with DHRS4_HUMAN | Q9BTZ2 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:278

    Alignment length:254
                                    34        44        54        64        74        84        94       104       114       124       134       144       154       164       174       184       194       204       214       224       234       244       254       264       274    
          DHRS4_HUMAN    25 TRRDPLANKVALVTASTDGIGFAIARRLAQDGAHVVVSSRKQQNVDQAVATLQGEGLSVTGTVCHVGKAEDRERLVATAVKLHGGIDILVSNAAVNPFFGSIMDVTEEVWDKTLDINVKAPALMTKAVVPEMEKRGGGSVVIVSSIAAFSPSPGFSPYNVSKTALLGLTKTLAIELAPRNIRVNCLAPGLIKTSFSRMLWMDKEKEESMKETLRIRRLGEPEDCAGIVSFLCSEDASYITGETVVVGGGTPSRL 278
               SCOP domains d3o4ra_ A: automated matches                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   SCOP domains
               CATH domains -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author .........eeee....hhhhhhhhhhhhhh..eeeeee.hhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...eeeee....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...eeee..............hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh..eeeeee.hhhhh.....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...eeeeeeee.......hhhhh.hhhhhhhhhhhhh.....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.....eeee........ Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ------T--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------S---------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ADH_SHORT  PDB: A:169-197    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 3o4r A  25 TRRDPLANKVALVTASTDGIGFAIARRLAQDGAHVVVSSRKQQNVDQAVATLQGEGLSVTGTVCHVGKAEDRERLVATAVKLHGGIDILVSNAAVNPFFGSIMDVTEEVWDKTLDINVKAPALMTKAVVPEMEKRGGGSVVIVSSIAAFSPSPGFSPYNVSKTALLGLTKTLAIELAPRNIRVNCLAPGLIKTSFSRMLWMDKEKEESMKETLRIRRLGEPEDCAGIVSFLCSEDASYITGETVVVGGGTPSRL 278
                                    34        44        54        64        74        84        94       104       114       124       134       144       154       164       174       184       194       204       214       224       234       244       254       264       274    

Chain B from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:252
 aligned with DHRS4_HUMAN | Q9BTZ2 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:278

    Alignment length:252
                                    36        46        56        66        76        86        96       106       116       126       136       146       156       166       176       186       196       206       216       226       236       246       256       266       276  
          DHRS4_HUMAN    27 RDPLANKVALVTASTDGIGFAIARRLAQDGAHVVVSSRKQQNVDQAVATLQGEGLSVTGTVCHVGKAEDRERLVATAVKLHGGIDILVSNAAVNPFFGSIMDVTEEVWDKTLDINVKAPALMTKAVVPEMEKRGGGSVVIVSSIAAFSPSPGFSPYNVSKTALLGLTKTLAIELAPRNIRVNCLAPGLIKTSFSRMLWMDKEKEESMKETLRIRRLGEPEDCAGIVSFLCSEDASYITGETVVVGGGTPSRL 278
               SCOP domains d3o4rb_ B: automated matches                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 SCOP domains
               CATH domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ CATH domains
               Pfam domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author .......eeee....hhhhhhhhhhhhhh..eeeeee.hhhhhhhhhhhhhh....eeeee....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...eeee.........hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh..eeeeee.hhhhh.....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...eeeeeeee....hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhhhhhhh.....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.....eeee........ Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ----T--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------S---------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ADH_SHORT  PDB: B:169-197    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Transcript
                 3o4r B  27 RDPLANKVALVTASTDGIGFAIARRLAQDGAHVVVSSRKQQNVDQAVATLQGEGLSVTGTVCHVGKAEDRERLVATAVKLHGGIDILVSNAAVNPFFGSIMDVTEEVWDKTLDINVKAPALMTKAVVPEMEKRGGGSVVIVSSIAAFSPSPGFSPYNVSKTALLGLTKTLAIELAPRNIRVNCLAPGLIKTSFSRMLWMDKEKEESMKETLRIRRLGEPEDCAGIVSFLCSEDASYITGETVVVGGGTPSRL 278
                                    36        46        56        66        76        86        96       106       116       126       136       146       156       166       176       186       196       206       216       226       236       246       256       266       276  

Chain C from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:253
 aligned with DHRS4_HUMAN | Q9BTZ2 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:278

    Alignment length:253
                                    35        45        55        65        75        85        95       105       115       125       135       145       155       165       175       185       195       205       215       225       235       245       255       265       275   
          DHRS4_HUMAN    26 RRDPLANKVALVTASTDGIGFAIARRLAQDGAHVVVSSRKQQNVDQAVATLQGEGLSVTGTVCHVGKAEDRERLVATAVKLHGGIDILVSNAAVNPFFGSIMDVTEEVWDKTLDINVKAPALMTKAVVPEMEKRGGGSVVIVSSIAAFSPSPGFSPYNVSKTALLGLTKTLAIELAPRNIRVNCLAPGLIKTSFSRMLWMDKEKEESMKETLRIRRLGEPEDCAGIVSFLCSEDASYITGETVVVGGGTPSRL 278
               SCOP domains d3o4rc_ C: automated matches                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  SCOP domains
               CATH domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author ........eeee....hhhhhhhhhhhhhh..eeeeee.hhhhhhhhhhhhhh....eeeee....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...eeee.........hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...eeeeee.hhhhh.....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...eeeeeeee....hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhhhhhhh.....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.....eeee........ Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) -----T--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------S---------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ADH_SHORT  PDB: C:169-197    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 3o4r C  26 RRDPLANKVALVTASTDGIGFAIARRLAQDGAHVVVSSRKQQNVDQAVATLQGEGLSVTGTVCHVGKAEDRERLVATAVKLHGGIDILVSNAAVNPFFGSIMDVTEEVWDKTLDINVKAPALMTKAVVPEMEKRGGGSVVIVSSIAAFSPSPGFSPYNVSKTALLGLTKTLAIELAPRNIRVNCLAPGLIKTSFSRMLWMDKEKEESMKETLRIRRLGEPEDCAGIVSFLCSEDASYITGETVVVGGGTPSRL 278
                                    35        45        55        65        75        85        95       105       115       125       135       145       155       165       175       185       195       205       215       225       235       245       255       265       275   

Chain D from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:251
 aligned with DHRS4_HUMAN | Q9BTZ2 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:278

    Alignment length:251
                                    37        47        57        67        77        87        97       107       117       127       137       147       157       167       177       187       197       207       217       227       237       247       257       267       277 
          DHRS4_HUMAN    28 DPLANKVALVTASTDGIGFAIARRLAQDGAHVVVSSRKQQNVDQAVATLQGEGLSVTGTVCHVGKAEDRERLVATAVKLHGGIDILVSNAAVNPFFGSIMDVTEEVWDKTLDINVKAPALMTKAVVPEMEKRGGGSVVIVSSIAAFSPSPGFSPYNVSKTALLGLTKTLAIELAPRNIRVNCLAPGLIKTSFSRMLWMDKEKEESMKETLRIRRLGEPEDCAGIVSFLCSEDASYITGETVVVGGGTPSRL 278
               SCOP domains d3o4rd_ D: automated matches                                                                                                                                                                                                                                SCOP domains
               CATH domains ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
           Pfam domains (1) ----------adh_short_C2-3o4rD01 D:38-260                                                                                                                                                                                                  ------------------ Pfam domains (1)
           Pfam domains (2) ----------adh_short_C2-3o4rD02 D:38-260                                                                                                                                                                                                  ------------------ Pfam domains (2)
           Pfam domains (3) ----------adh_short_C2-3o4rD03 D:38-260                                                                                                                                                                                                  ------------------ Pfam domains (3)
           Pfam domains (4) ----------adh_short_C2-3o4rD04 D:38-260                                                                                                                                                                                                  ------------------ Pfam domains (4)
         Sec.struct. author ......eeee....hhhhhhhhhhhhhh..eeeeee.hhhhhhhhhhhhhh....eeeee....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...eeee..............hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh..eeeeee.hhhhh.....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...eeeeeeee....hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhhhhhhh.....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.....eeee........ Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ---T--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------S---------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ADH_SHORT  PDB: D:169-197    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 3o4r D  28 DPLANKVALVTASTDGIGFAIARRLAQDGAHVVVSSRKQQNVDQAVATLQGEGLSVTGTVCHVGKAEDRERLVATAVKLHGGIDILVSNAAVNPFFGSIMDVTEEVWDKTLDINVKAPALMTKAVVPEMEKRGGGSVVIVSSIAAFSPSPGFSPYNVSKTALLGLTKTLAIELAPRNIRVNCLAPGLIKTSFSRMLWMDKEKEESMKETLRIRRLGEPEDCAGIVSFLCSEDASYITGETVVVGGGTPSRL 278
                                    37        47        57        67        77        87        97       107       117       127       137       147       157       167       177       187       197       207       217       227       237       247       257       267       277 

   Legend:   → Mismatch (orange background)
  - → Gap (green background, '-', border residues have a numbering label)
    → Modified Residue (blue background, lower-case, 'x' indicates undefined single-letter code, labelled with number + name)
  x → Chemical Group (purple background, 'x', labelled with number + name, e.g. ACE or NH2)
  extra numbering lines below/above indicate numbering irregularities and modified residue names etc., number ends below/above '|'

 Classification and Annotation

(-) SCOP Domains  (1, 4)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit

(-) CATH Domains  (0, 0)

(no "CATH Domain" information available for 3O4R)

(-) Pfam Domains  (1, 4)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit

(-) Gene Ontology  (21, 21)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit(hide GO term definitions)
Chain A,B,C,D   (DHRS4_HUMAN | Q9BTZ2)
molecular function
    GO:0000253    3-keto sterol reductase activity    Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-beta-hydroxyl sterol + NADP+ = a 3-keto sterol + NADPH + H(+).
    GO:0052650    NADP-retinol dehydrogenase activity    Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinol + NADP+ = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+.
    GO:0018455    alcohol dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity    Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD(P)+ = an aldehyde + NAD(P)H + H+.
    GO:0004090    carbonyl reductase (NADPH) activity    Catalysis of the reaction: R-CHOH-R' + NADP+ = R-CO-R' + NADPH + H+.
    GO:0016491    oxidoreductase activity    Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.
    GO:0016655    oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, quinone or similar compound as acceptor    Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or a similar acceptor molecule.
    GO:0005102    receptor binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
biological process
    GO:0006066    alcohol metabolic process    The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.
    GO:0042180    cellular ketone metabolic process    The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
    GO:0055114    oxidation-reduction process    A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons.
    GO:0051262    protein tetramerization    The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.
    GO:0042572    retinol metabolic process    The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A.
    GO:0008202    steroid metabolic process    The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
cellular component
    GO:0005789    endoplasmic reticulum membrane    The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum.
    GO:0070062    extracellular exosome    A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.
    GO:0043231    intracellular membrane-bounded organelle    Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.
    GO:0005739    mitochondrion    A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.
    GO:0031965    nuclear membrane    Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.
    GO:0005634    nucleus    A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
    GO:0005778    peroxisomal membrane    The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome.
    GO:0005777    peroxisome    A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism.

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2zat CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A MAMMALIAN REDUCTASE