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(-) Description

Title :  CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A P53 CORE TETRAMER BOUND TO DNA
 
Authors :  K. A. Malecka
Date :  16 Oct 08  (Deposition) - 16 Dec 08  (Release) - 03 Feb 09  (Revision)
Method :  X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Resolution :  2.00
Chains :  Asym. Unit :  A,B,C,D
Biol. Unit 1:  A,B,C,D  (2x)
Keywords :  Protein-Dna Complex, Acetylation, Activator, Anti-Oncogene, Apoptosis, Cell Cycle, Covalent Protein-Rna Linkage, Cytoplasm, Disease Mutation, Dna-Binding, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Metal-Binding, Methylation, Nucleus, Phosphoprotein, Transcription, Transcription Regulation, Ubl Conjugation, Zinc, Transcription/Dna Complex (Keyword Search: [Gene Ontology, PubMed, Web (Google))
 
Reference :  K. A. Malecka, W. C. Ho, R. Marmorstein
Crystal Structure Of A P53 Core Tetramer Bound To Dna.
Oncogene V. 28 325 2009
PubMed-ID: 18978813  |  Reference-DOI: 10.1038/ONC.2008.400
(for further references see the PDB file header)

(-) Compounds

Molecule 1 - MOUSE P53 CORE DOMAIN
    ChainsA, B
    EngineeredYES
    Expression SystemESCHERICHIA COLI
    Expression System Taxid562
    Organism CommonMOUSE
    Organism ScientificMUS MUSCULUS
    Organism Taxid10090
 
Molecule 2 - 5'- D(P*DGP*DAP*DGP*DCP*DAP*DTP*DGP*DCP*DTP*DCP*DA)-3'
    ChainsC
    EngineeredYES
    Other DetailsP53 CONSENSUS SEQUENCE
    SyntheticYES
 
Molecule 3 - 5'- D(*DTP*DTP*DGP*DAP*DGP*DCP*DAP*DTP*DGP*DCP*DTP*DC)-3'
    ChainsD
    EngineeredYES
    Other DetailsP53 CONSENSUS SEQUENCE
    SyntheticYES

 Structural Features

(-) Chains, Units

  1234
Asymmetric Unit ABCD
Biological Unit 1 (2x)ABCD

Summary Information (see also Sequences/Alignments below)

(-) Ligands, Modified Residues, Ions  (2, 3)

Asymmetric Unit (2, 3)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1FLC1Ligand/IonCITRATE ANION
2ZN2Ligand/IonZINC ION
Biological Unit 1 (1, 2)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1FLC2Ligand/IonCITRATE ANION
2ZN-1Ligand/IonZINC ION

(-) Sites  (3, 3)

Asymmetric Unit (3, 3)
No.NameEvidenceResiduesDescription
1AC1SOFTWARECYS A:173 , HIS A:176 , CYS A:235 , CYS A:239BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE ZN A 1
2AC2SOFTWARELYS A:162 , SER A:163 , HOH A:373 , HOH A:423 , THR B:115 , LYS B:117 , PRO B:139 , HIS B:230BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE FLC B 585
3AC3SOFTWARECYS B:173 , HIS B:176 , CYS B:235 , CYS B:239BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE ZN B 2

(-) SS Bonds  (0, 0)

(no "SS Bond" information available for 3EXJ)

(-) Cis Peptide Bonds  (0, 0)

(no "Cis Peptide Bond" information available for 3EXJ)

 Sequence-Structure Mapping

(-) SAPs(SNPs)/Variants  (3, 6)

Asymmetric Unit (3, 6)
  dbSNPPDB
No.SourceVariant IDVariantUniProt IDStatusIDChainVariant
1UniProtVAR_P53_MOUSE_001 *A132VP53_MOUSE  ---  ---A/BA135V
2UniProtVAR_P53_MOUSE_002 *E165GP53_MOUSE  ---  ---A/BE168G
3UniProtVAR_P53_MOUSE_003 *L188RP53_MOUSE  ---  ---A/BL191R
   * ID not provided by source

  SNP/SAP Summary Statistics (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
Biological Unit 1 (3, 12)
  dbSNPPDB
No.SourceVariant IDVariantUniProt IDStatusIDChainVariant
1UniProtVAR_P53_MOUSE_001 *A132VP53_MOUSE  ---  ---A/BA135V
2UniProtVAR_P53_MOUSE_002 *E165GP53_MOUSE  ---  ---A/BE168G
3UniProtVAR_P53_MOUSE_003 *L188RP53_MOUSE  ---  ---A/BL191R
   * ID not provided by source

  SNP/SAP Summary Statistics (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

(-) PROSITE Motifs  (1, 2)

Asymmetric Unit (1, 2)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1P53PS00348 p53 family signature.P53_MOUSE231-243
 
  2A:234-246
B:234-246
Biological Unit 1 (1, 4)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1P53PS00348 p53 family signature.P53_MOUSE231-243
 
  4A:234-246
B:234-246

(-) Exons   (0, 0)

(no "Exon" information available for 3EXJ)

(-) Sequences/Alignments

Asymmetric Unit
   Reformat: Number of residues per line =  ('0' or empty: single-line sequence representation)
  Number of residues per labelling interval =   
  UniProt sequence: complete  aligned part    
   Show mapping: SCOP domains CATH domains Pfam domains Secondary structure (by author)
SAPs(SNPs) PROSITE motifs Exons
(details for a mapped element are shown in a popup box when the mouse pointer rests over it)
Chain A from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:194
 aligned with P53_MOUSE | P02340 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:387

    Alignment length:194
                                   104       114       124       134       144       154       164       174       184       194       204       214       224       234       244       254       264       274       284    
            P53_MOUSE    95 KTYQGNYGFHLGFLQSGTAKSVMCTYSPPLNKLFCQLAKTCPVQLWVSATPPAGSRVRAMAIYKKSQHMTEVVRRCPHHERCSDGDGLAPPQHLIRVEGNLYPEYLEDRQTFRHSVVVPYEPPEAGSEYTTIHYKYMCNSSCMGGMNRRPILTIITLEDSSGNLLGRDSFEVRVCACPGRDRRTEEENFRKKEV 288
               SCOP domains d3exja_ A: automated matches                                                                                                                                                                       SCOP domains
               CATH domains -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author ...hhhhh.eeee....hhhhh.eeee....eeee.....eeeeee.........eeeeeeee............hhhhhh.............eeee.....eeee......eeeeee..........eeeeeee..............eeeeeeee.....eeeeeeeeeee..hhhhhhhhhhhhhhh... Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) -------------------------------------V--------------------------------G----------------------R---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------P53          --------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 3exj A  98 KTYQGNYGFHLGFLQSGTAKSVMCTYSPPLNKLFCQLAKTCPVQLWVSATPPAGSRVRAMAIYKKSQHMTEVVRRCPHHERCSDGDGLAPPQHLIRVEGNLYPEYLEDRQTFRHSVVVPYEPPEAGSEYTTIHYKYMCNSSCMGGMNRRPILTIITLEDSSGNLLGRDSFEVRVCACPGRDRRTEEENFRKKEV 291
                                   107       117       127       137       147       157       167       177       187       197       207       217       227       237       247       257       267       277       287    

Chain B from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:194
 aligned with P53_MOUSE | P02340 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:387

    Alignment length:194
                                   102       112       122       132       142       152       162       172       182       192       202       212       222       232       242       252       262       272       282    
            P53_MOUSE    93 SQKTYQGNYGFHLGFLQSGTAKSVMCTYSPPLNKLFCQLAKTCPVQLWVSATPPAGSRVRAMAIYKKSQHMTEVVRRCPHHERCSDGDGLAPPQHLIRVEGNLYPEYLEDRQTFRHSVVVPYEPPEAGSEYTTIHYKYMCNSSCMGGMNRRPILTIITLEDSSGNLLGRDSFEVRVCACPGRDRRTEEENFRKK 286
               SCOP domains d3exjb_ B: automated matches                                                                                                                                                                       SCOP domains
               CATH domains -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author .....hhhhh.eeee....hhhhh.eeee....eeee.....eeeeee.........eeeeeeee............hhhhhh.............eeee.....eeee......eeeeee..........eeeeeee..............eeeeeeee.....eeeeeeeeeee..hhhhhhhhhhhhhh.. Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ---------------------------------------V--------------------------------G----------------------R-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------P53          ------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 3exj B  96 SQKTYQGNYGFHLGFLQSGTAKSVMCTYSPPLNKLFCQLAKTCPVQLWVSATPPAGSRVRAMAIYKKSQHMTEVVRRCPHHERCSDGDGLAPPQHLIRVEGNLYPEYLEDRQTFRHSVVVPYEPPEAGSEYTTIHYKYMCNSSCMGGMNRRPILTIITLEDSSGNLLGRDSFEVRVCACPGRDRRTEEENFRKK 289
                                   105       115       125       135       145       155       165       175       185       195       205       215       225       235       245       255       265       275       285    

Chain C from PDB  Type:DNA  Length:11
                                           
                 3exj C  13 GAGCATGCTCA  23
                                    22 

Chain D from PDB  Type:DNA  Length:12
                                            
                 3exj D   1 TTGAGCATGCTC  12
                                    10  

   Legend:   → Mismatch (orange background)
  - → Gap (green background, '-', border residues have a numbering label)
    → Modified Residue (blue background, lower-case, 'x' indicates undefined single-letter code, labelled with number + name)
  x → Chemical Group (purple background, 'x', labelled with number + name, e.g. ACE or NH2)
  extra numbering lines below/above indicate numbering irregularities and modified residue names etc., number ends below/above '|'

 Classification and Annotation

(-) SCOP Domains  (1, 2)

Asymmetric Unit

(-) CATH Domains  (0, 0)

(no "CATH Domain" information available for 3EXJ)

(-) Pfam Domains  (0, 0)

(no "Pfam Domain" information available for 3EXJ)

(-) Gene Ontology  (170, 170)

Asymmetric Unit(hide GO term definitions)
Chain A,B   (P53_MOUSE | P02340)
molecular function
    GO:0005524    ATP binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
    GO:0003677    DNA binding    Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
    GO:0097371    MDM2/MDM4 family protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any isoform of the MDM2/MDM4 protein family, comprising negative regulators of p53.
    GO:0000979    RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the RNA polymerase II basal transcription machinery.
    GO:0000977    RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II.
    GO:0000981    RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
    GO:0001085    RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.
    GO:0051087    chaperone binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a chaperone protein, a class of proteins that bind to nascent or unfolded polypeptides and ensure correct folding or transport.
    GO:0003682    chromatin binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
    GO:0005507    copper ion binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper (Cu) ions.
    GO:0001046    core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is part of a core promoter region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for the basal transcription machinery. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.
    GO:0003684    damaged DNA binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with damaged DNA.
    GO:0019899    enzyme binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme.
    GO:0035035    histone acetyltransferase binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the enzyme histone acetyltransferase.
    GO:0035033    histone deacetylase regulator activity    Modulates the activity of histone deacetylase.
    GO:0042802    identical protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins.
    GO:0046872    metal ion binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion.
    GO:0002039    p53 binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one of the p53 family of proteins.
    GO:0002020    protease binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protease or peptidase.
    GO:0047485    protein N-terminus binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein N-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 2-amino (or 2-imino) function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue.
    GO:0005515    protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
    GO:0046982    protein heterodimerization activity    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer.
    GO:0019901    protein kinase binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate.
    GO:0051721    protein phosphatase 2A binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the enzyme protein phosphatase 2A.
    GO:0019903    protein phosphatase binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein phosphatase.
    GO:0043621    protein self-association    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a domain within the same polypeptide.
    GO:0030971    receptor tyrosine kinase binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a receptor that possesses protein tyrosine kinase activity.
    GO:0003700    transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
    GO:0008134    transcription factor binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription.
    GO:0044212    transcription regulatory region DNA binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that regulates the transcription of a region of DNA, which may be a gene, cistron, or operon. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.
    GO:0001077    transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter.
    GO:0001228    transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in the transcription regulatory region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter.
    GO:0031625    ubiquitin protein ligase binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins.
biological process
    GO:0002326    B cell lineage commitment    The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to become any type of B cell.
    GO:0030330    DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator    A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.
    GO:0006977    DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest    A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle.
    GO:0006978    DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator    A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, resulting in the induction of the transcription of p21 (also known as WAF1, CIP1 and SDI1) or any equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.
    GO:0000733    DNA strand renaturation    The identification and annealing of complementary base pairs in single-strand DNA.
    GO:0006983    ER overload response    The series of molecular signals generated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and leading to activation of transcription by NF-kappaB.
    GO:0033077    T cell differentiation in thymus    The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus.
    GO:0002360    T cell lineage commitment    The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming any type of T cell.
    GO:0002309    T cell proliferation involved in immune response    The expansion of a T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
    GO:0006915    apoptotic process    A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.
    GO:0060411    cardiac septum morphogenesis    The process in which the anatomical structure of a cardiac septum is generated and organized. A cardiac septum is a partition that separates parts of the heart.
    GO:0007569    cell aging    An aging process that has as participant a cell after a cell has stopped dividing. Cell aging may occur when a cell has temporarily stopped dividing through cell cycle arrest (GO:0007050) or when a cell has permanently stopped dividing, in which case it is undergoing cellular senescence (GO:0090398). May precede cell death (GO:0008219) and succeed cell maturation (GO:0048469).
    GO:0007049    cell cycle    The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.
    GO:0007050    cell cycle arrest    A regulatory process that halts progression through the cell cycle during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M).
    GO:0034613    cellular protein localization    Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell.
    GO:0006974    cellular response to DNA damage stimulus    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.
    GO:0034644    cellular response to UV    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
    GO:0071494    cellular response to UV-C    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm.
    GO:0042149    cellular response to glucose starvation    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of glucose.
    GO:0071479    cellular response to ionizing radiation    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.
    GO:0007417    central nervous system development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.
    GO:0021549    cerebellum development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.
    GO:0031497    chromatin assembly    The assembly of DNA, histone proteins, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA, into chromatin structure, beginning with the formation of the basic unit, the nucleosome, followed by organization of the nucleosomes into higher order structures, ultimately giving rise to a complex organization of specific domains within the nucleus.
    GO:0031052    chromosome breakage    Regulated cleavage of the developing macronuclear genome at a limited number of chromosome breakage sites (CBS). The macronuclear destined segment (MDS) sequence adjacent to the CBS (or separated from it by a BES) receives a macronuclear telomere following chromosome breakage.
    GO:0051276    chromosome organization    A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome.
    GO:0048512    circadian behavior    The specific behavior of an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
    GO:0007623    circadian rhythm    Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
    GO:0008340    determination of adult lifespan    The control of viability and duration in the adult phase of the life-cycle.
    GO:0006302    double-strand break repair    The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix.
    GO:0009792    embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell.
    GO:0048568    embryonic organ development    Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
    GO:0043153    entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod    The synchronization of a circadian rhythm to photoperiod, the intermittent cycle of light (day) and dark (night).
    GO:0007369    gastrulation    A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
    GO:0007507    heart development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
    GO:0001701    in utero embryonic development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
    GO:0072332    intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator    A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
    GO:0042771    intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator    A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
    GO:0070059    intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress    A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.
    GO:1990144    intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxia    A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to hypoxia (lowered oxygen tension). Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. The pathway ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
    GO:0043504    mitochondrial DNA repair    The process of restoring mitochondrial DNA after damage.
    GO:0031571    mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint    A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression through the G1/S transition of the cell cycle in response to DNA damage.
    GO:0071850    mitotic cell cycle arrest    The process in which the mitotic cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M).
    GO:0007275    multicellular organism development    The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
    GO:0035264    multicellular organism growth    The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth.
    GO:0070266    necroptotic process    A programmed necrotic cell death process which begins when a cell receives a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a death receptor or to a Toll-like receptor), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathways), characterized by activation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 and/or 3 (RIPK1/3, also called RIP1/3) and by critical dependence on mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL), and which typically lead to common morphological features of necrotic cell death. The process ends when the cell has died. The process is divided into a signaling phase, and an execution phase, which is triggered by the former.
    GO:0008156    negative regulation of DNA replication    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.
    GO:0043066    negative regulation of apoptotic process    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
    GO:0030308    negative regulation of cell growth    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
    GO:0008285    negative regulation of cell proliferation    Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.
    GO:0048147    negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.
    GO:0010629    negative regulation of gene expression    Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
    GO:1904024    negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate    Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate.
    GO:1901525    negative regulation of macromitophagy    Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macromitophagy.
    GO:0045930    negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle    Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.
    GO:0007406    negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts.
    GO:0045861    negative regulation of proteolysis    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.
    GO:2000378    negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process    Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.
    GO:0051974    negative regulation of telomerase activity    Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme telomerase, which catalyzes of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1).
    GO:0000122    negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
    GO:0045892    negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
    GO:0030512    negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway.
    GO:0051402    neuron apoptotic process    Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.
    GO:0006289    nucleotide-excision repair    A DNA repair process in which a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts).
    GO:0097252    oligodendrocyte apoptotic process    Any apoptotic process in an oligodendrocyte. Oligodendrocytes belong to a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, where they form the insulating myelin sheath of axons.
    GO:0090403    oxidative stress-induced premature senescence    A cellular senescence process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to oxidative stress, e.g. high levels of reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals.
    GO:0043065    positive regulation of apoptotic process    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
    GO:0010666    positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process    Any process that increases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
    GO:0090343    positive regulation of cell aging    Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cell aging. Cell aging is the progression of the cell from its inception to the end of its lifespan.
    GO:0071158    positive regulation of cell cycle arrest    Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cell cycle arrest, the process in which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases.
    GO:1900119    positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.
    GO:0010628    positive regulation of gene expression    Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
    GO:0031065    positive regulation of histone deacetylation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones.
    GO:2001244    positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
    GO:0035794    positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability    Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane.
    GO:0043525    positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process.
    GO:0050731    positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.
    GO:0032461    positive regulation of protein oligomerization    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.
    GO:2000379    positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.
    GO:0090200    positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria    Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation.
    GO:0070245    positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte death by apoptotic process.
    GO:0045944    positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
    GO:1990440    positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of an endoplasmic reticulum stress.
    GO:0061419    positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to hypoxia    Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hypoxia stimulus.
    GO:0045893    positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
    GO:0012501    programmed cell death    A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell.
    GO:0006461    protein complex assembly    The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex.
    GO:0000060    protein import into nucleus, translocation    A protein transport process that contributes to protein import into the nucleus, and that results in the vectorial transfer of a cargo-carrier protein complex through the nuclear pore complex from the cytoplasmic side to the nucleoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope.
    GO:0008104    protein localization    Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
    GO:0050821    protein stabilization    Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation.
    GO:0051262    protein tetramerization    The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.
    GO:0009303    rRNA transcription    The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), any RNA that forms part of the ribosomal structure, from a DNA template.
    GO:0042981    regulation of apoptotic process    Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process.
    GO:0051726    regulation of cell cycle    Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
    GO:0042127    regulation of cell proliferation    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.
    GO:2000772    regulation of cellular senescence    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence.
    GO:2000269    regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.
    GO:0072363    regulation of glycolytic process by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis by activating or increasing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
    GO:1902253    regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.
    GO:1902108    regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process    Any regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in apoptotic process.
    GO:0043523    regulation of neuron apoptotic process    Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.
    GO:0070243    regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process    Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of thymocyte death by apoptotic process.
    GO:0034103    regulation of tissue remodeling    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.
    GO:0006357    regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
    GO:0006355    regulation of transcription, DNA-templated    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
    GO:0001836    release of cytochrome c from mitochondria    The process that results in the movement of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is part of the apoptotic signaling pathway and leads to caspase activation.
    GO:0090399    replicative senescence    A cell aging process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to telomere shortening and/or cellular aging.
    GO:0009411    response to UV    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
    GO:0010165    response to X-ray    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz).
    GO:0042493    response to drug    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.
    GO:0010332    response to gamma radiation    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
    GO:0002931    response to ischemia    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a inadequate blood supply.
    GO:0006979    response to oxidative stress    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
    GO:0009651    response to salt stress    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.
    GO:0048511    rhythmic process    Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism.
    GO:0001756    somitogenesis    The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.
    GO:0006366    transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter    The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
    GO:0006351    transcription, DNA-templated    The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA.
    GO:0007179    transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
    GO:0016032    viral process    A multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant. The other participant is the host. Includes infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle.
cellular component
    GO:0016605    PML body    A class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML, promyelocytic leukemia); cells typically contain 10-30 PML bodies per nucleus; alterations in the localization of PML bodies occurs after viral infection.
    GO:0000785    chromatin    The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome.
    GO:0005737    cytoplasm    All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
    GO:0005829    cytosol    The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.
    GO:0005783    endoplasmic reticulum    The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).
    GO:0005759    mitochondrial matrix    The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation.
    GO:0005739    mitochondrion    A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.
    GO:0016604    nuclear body    Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins.
    GO:0000790    nuclear chromatin    The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome in the nucleus.
    GO:0016363    nuclear matrix    The dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane.
    GO:0005730    nucleolus    A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.
    GO:0005654    nucleoplasm    That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.
    GO:0005634    nucleus    A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
    GO:0043234    protein complex    A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical.
    GO:0005657    replication fork    The Y-shaped region of a replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes.
    GO:0035861    site of double-strand break    A region of a chromosome at which a DNA double-strand break has occurred. DNA damage signaling and repair proteins accumulate at the lesion to respond to the damage and repair the DNA to form a continuous DNA helix.
    GO:0005669    transcription factor TFIID complex    A complex composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and TBP associated factors (TAFs); the total mass is typically about 800 kDa. Most of the TAFs are conserved across species. In TATA-containing promoters for RNA polymerase II (Pol II), TFIID is believed to recognize at least two distinct elements, the TATA element and a downstream promoter element. TFIID is also involved in recognition of TATA-less Pol II promoters. Binding of TFIID to DNA is necessary but not sufficient for transcription initiation from most RNA polymerase II promoters.
    GO:0005667    transcription factor complex    A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription.

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3exl