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(-) Description

Title :  HUMAN RANKL/OPG COMPLEX
 
Authors :  X. Q. Wang, X. D. Luan, Q. Y. Lu
Date :  22 Nov 11  (Deposition) - 11 Jul 12  (Release) - 11 Jul 12  (Revision)
Method :  X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Resolution :  2.70
Chains :  Asym. Unit :  A,Z
Biol. Unit 1:  A,Z  (3x)
Keywords :  Cystein-Rich Domain, Beta-Sandwich, Cytokine (Keyword Search: [Gene Ontology, PubMed, Web (Google))
 
Reference :  X. D. Luan, Q. Y. Lu, Y. N. Jiang, S. Y. Zhang, Q. Wang, H. H. Yuan, W. M. Zhao, J. W. Wang, X. Q. Wang
Crystal Structure Of Human Rankl Complexed With Its Decoy Receptor Osteoprotegerin
J. Immunol. V. 189 245 2012
PubMed-ID: 22664871  |  Reference-DOI: 10.4049/JIMMUNOL.1103387

(-) Compounds

Molecule 1 - TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR LIGAND SUPERFAMILY MEMBER 11, SOLUBLE FORM
    ChainsA
    EngineeredYES
    Expression SystemESCHERICHIA COLI
    Expression System Taxid562
    Expression System Vector TypePLASMID
    FragmentUNP RESIDUES 162-317
    GeneTNFSF11, OPGL, RANKL, TRANCE
    Organism CommonHUMAN
    Organism ScientificHOMO SAPIENS
    Organism Taxid9606
    SynonymOSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR, ODF, OSTEOPROTEGERIN LIGAND, OPGL, RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA-B LIGAND, RANKL, TNF-RELATED ACTIVATION-INDUCED CYTOKINE, TRANCE
 
Molecule 2 - TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR SUPERFAMILY MEMBER 11B
    ChainsZ
    EngineeredYES
    Expression SystemSPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA
    Expression System Taxid7108
    Expression System Vector TypeBACULOVIRUS
    FragmentUNP RESIDUES 22-186
    GeneTNFRSF11B, OCIF, OPG
    Organism CommonHUMAN
    Organism ScientificHOMO SAPIENS
    Organism Taxid9606
    SynonymOSTEOCLASTOGENESIS INHIBITORY FACTOR, OSTEOPROTEGERIN

 Structural Features

(-) Chains, Units

  12
Asymmetric Unit AZ
Biological Unit 1 (3x)AZ

Summary Information (see also Sequences/Alignments below)

(-) Ligands, Modified Residues, Ions  (1, 1)

Asymmetric Unit (1, 1)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1NAG1Ligand/IonN-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE
Biological Unit 1 (1, 3)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1NAG3Ligand/IonN-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE

(-) Sites  (1, 1)

Asymmetric Unit (1, 1)
No.NameEvidenceResiduesDescription
1AC1SOFTWAREASN Z:157 , THR Z:159 , HOH Z:310BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAG Z 201

(-) SS Bonds  (9, 9)

Asymmetric Unit
No.Residues
1Z:20 -Z:33
2Z:23 -Z:41
3Z:44 -Z:59
4Z:62 -Z:76
5Z:66 -Z:84
6Z:86 -Z:97
7Z:103 -Z:121
8Z:124 -Z:139
9Z:145 -Z:164

(-) Cis Peptide Bonds  (1, 1)

Asymmetric Unit
No.Residues
1Ser Z:63 -Pro Z:64

 Sequence-Structure Mapping

(-) SAPs(SNPs)/Variants  (2, 2)

Asymmetric Unit (2, 2)
  dbSNPPDB
No.SourceVariant IDVariantUniProt IDStatusIDChainVariant
1UniProtVAR_018957V104MTR11B_HUMANPolymorphism11573906ZV83M
2UniProtVAR_037424M199KTNF11_HUMANDisease (OPTB2)121909072AM199K

  SNP/SAP Summary Statistics (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
Biological Unit 1 (2, 6)
  dbSNPPDB
No.SourceVariant IDVariantUniProt IDStatusIDChainVariant
1UniProtVAR_018957V104MTR11B_HUMANPolymorphism11573906ZV83M
2UniProtVAR_037424M199KTNF11_HUMANDisease (OPTB2)121909072AM199K

  SNP/SAP Summary Statistics (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

(-) PROSITE Motifs  (3, 4)

Asymmetric Unit (3, 4)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1TNFR_NGFR_1PS00652 TNFR/NGFR family cysteine-rich region signature.TR11B_HUMAN62-105  1Z:41-84
2TNFR_NGFR_2PS50050 TNFR/NGFR family cysteine-rich region domain profile.TR11B_HUMAN64-105
106-142
  2Z:43-84
Z:85-121
3TNF_2PS50049 TNF family profile.TNF11_HUMAN166-313  1A:166-313
Biological Unit 1 (3, 12)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1TNFR_NGFR_1PS00652 TNFR/NGFR family cysteine-rich region signature.TR11B_HUMAN62-105  3Z:41-84
2TNFR_NGFR_2PS50050 TNFR/NGFR family cysteine-rich region domain profile.TR11B_HUMAN64-105
106-142
  6Z:43-84
Z:85-121
3TNF_2PS50049 TNF family profile.TNF11_HUMAN166-313  3A:166-313

(-) Exons   (0, 0)

(no "Exon" information available for 3URF)

(-) Sequences/Alignments

Asymmetric Unit
   Reformat: Number of residues per line =  ('0' or empty: single-line sequence representation)
  Number of residues per labelling interval =   
  UniProt sequence: complete  aligned part    
   Show mapping: SCOP domains CATH domains Pfam domains Secondary structure (by author)
SAPs(SNPs) PROSITE motifs Exons
(details for a mapped element are shown in a popup box when the mouse pointer rests over it)
Chain A from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:156
 aligned with TNF11_HUMAN | O14788 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:317

    Alignment length:156
                                   171       181       191       201       211       221       231       241       251       261       271       281       291       301       311      
          TNF11_HUMAN   162 AQPFAHLTINATDIPSGSHKVSLSSWYHDRGWAKISNMTFSNGKLIVNQDGFYYLYANICFRHHETSGDLATEYLQLMVYVTKTSIKIPSSHTLMKGGSTKYWSGNSEFHFYSINVGGFFKLRSGEEISIEVSNPSLLDPDQDATYFGAFKVRDID 317
               SCOP domains d3urfa_ A: automated matches                                                                                                                                 SCOP domains
               CATH domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ CATH domains
               Pfam domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author ...eeeeee...........eee..ee......eee.eeee..eeee...eeeeeeeeeeeeee.........eeeeeeeeeeee......eeeeeeeeeee......eeeeeeeeeeeeee...eeeeeee.hhhhh.......eeeeeeee... Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) -------------------------------------K---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ----TNF_2  PDB: A:166-313 UniProt: 166-313                                                                                                              ---- PROSITE
                 Transcript ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Transcript
                 3urf A 162 AQPFAHLTINATDIPSGSHKVSLSSWYHDRGWAKISNMTFSNGKLIVNQDGFYYLYANICFRHHETSGDLATEYLQLMVYVTKTSIKIPSSHTLMKGGSTKYWSGNSEFHFYSINVGGFFKLRSGEEISIEVSNPSLLDPDQDATYFGAFKVRDID 317
                                   171       181       191       201       211       221       231       241       251       261       271       281       291       301       311      

Chain Z from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:164
 aligned with TR11B_HUMAN | O00300 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:401

    Alignment length:164
                                    35        45        55        65        75        85        95       105       115       125       135       145       155       165       175       185    
          TR11B_HUMAN    26 PKYLHYDEETSHQLLCDKCPPGTYLKQHCTAKWKTVCAPCPDHYYTDSWHTSDECLYCSPVCKELQYVKQECNRTHNRVCECKEGRYLEIEFCLKHRSCPPGFGVVQAGTPERNTVCKRCPDGFFSNETSSKAPCRKHTNCSVFGLLLTQKGNATHDNICSGNS 189
               SCOP domains -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SCOP domains
               CATH domains -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author ...eee........eee.....eeeee........eeee....ee..........ee........eeeee........eeee...eeee..eeee.......eeeee........eeee....ee..........ee........................... Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------M------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                PROSITE (1) ------------------------------------TNFR_NGFR_1  PDB: Z:41-84 UniProt: 62-105   TNFR_NGFR_2  PDB: Z:85-121           ----------------------------------------------- PROSITE (1)
                PROSITE (2) --------------------------------------TNFR_NGFR_2  PDB: Z:43-84 UniProt: 64-105 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ PROSITE (2)
                 Transcript -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 3urf Z   5 PKYLHYDEETSHQLLCDKCPPGTYLKQHCTAKWKTVCAPCPDHYYTDSWHTSDECLYCSPVCKELQYVKQECNRTHNRVCECKEGRYLEIEFCLKHRSCPPGFGVVQAGTPERNTVCKRCPDGFFSNETSSKAPCRKHTNCSVFGLLLTQKGNATHDNICSHHH 168
                                    14        24        34        44        54        64        74        84        94       104       114       124       134       144       154       164    

   Legend:   → Mismatch (orange background)
  - → Gap (green background, '-', border residues have a numbering label)
    → Modified Residue (blue background, lower-case, 'x' indicates undefined single-letter code, labelled with number + name)
  x → Chemical Group (purple background, 'x', labelled with number + name, e.g. ACE or NH2)
  extra numbering lines below/above indicate numbering irregularities and modified residue names etc., number ends below/above '|'

 Classification and Annotation

(-) SCOP Domains  (1, 1)

Asymmetric Unit

(-) CATH Domains  (0, 0)

(no "CATH Domain" information available for 3URF)

(-) Pfam Domains  (0, 0)

(no "Pfam Domain" information available for 3URF)

(-) Gene Ontology  (68, 75)

Asymmetric Unit(hide GO term definitions)
Chain A   (TNF11_HUMAN | O14788)
molecular function
    GO:0005125    cytokine activity    Functions to control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.
    GO:0005164    tumor necrosis factor receptor binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the tumor necrosis factor receptor.
    GO:0032813    tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily.
biological process
    GO:0070371    ERK1 and ERK2 cascade    An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least ERK1 or ERK2 (MAPKs), a MEK (a MAPKK) and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.
    GO:0071847    TNFSF11-mediated signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11) to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
    GO:0007257    activation of JUN kinase activity    The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase (JNK).
    GO:0009887    animal organ morphogenesis    Morphogenesis of an animal organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
    GO:0045453    bone resorption    The process in which specialized cells known as osteoclasts degrade the organic and inorganic portions of bone, and endocytose and transport the degradation products.
    GO:0055074    calcium ion homeostasis    Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within an organism or cell.
    GO:0030154    cell differentiation    The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
    GO:0019221    cytokine-mediated signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
    GO:0006955    immune response    Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
    GO:0060749    mammary gland alveolus development    The progression of the mammary gland alveolus over time, from its formation to its mature state. The mammary gland alveolus is a sac-like structure that is found in the mature gland.
    GO:0033598    mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation    The multiplication or reproduction of mammary gland epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Mammary gland epithelial cells make up the covering of surfaces of the mammary gland. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.
    GO:0002548    monocyte chemotaxis    The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus.
    GO:0007275    multicellular organism development    The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
    GO:0001503    ossification    The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.
    GO:0030316    osteoclast differentiation    The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of an osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.
    GO:0002158    osteoclast proliferation    The multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue, which typically differentiates from monocytes.
    GO:0038001    paracrine signaling    The transfer of information from one cell to another, where the signal travels from the signal-producing cell to the receiving cell by passive diffusion or bulk flow in intercellular fluid. The signaling cell and the receiving cell are usually in the vicinity of each other.
    GO:0071848    positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade via TNFSF11-mediated signaling    Any TNFSF11-mediated signaling process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.
    GO:0043123    positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling.
    GO:0046330    positive regulation of JNK cascade    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.
    GO:0043406    positive regulation of MAP kinase activity    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.
    GO:0051092    positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.
    GO:0050870    positive regulation of T cell activation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.
    GO:0045780    positive regulation of bone resorption    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption.
    GO:0051466    positive regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of corticotropin-releasing hormone from a cell.
    GO:0071812    positive regulation of fever generation by positive regulation of prostaglandin secretion    Any process that increases the rate or extent of fever generation via positive regulation of the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a prostaglandin from a cell.
    GO:0034112    positive regulation of homotypic cell-cell adhesion    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.
    GO:1902533    positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.
    GO:2001206    positive regulation of osteoclast development    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast development.
    GO:0045672    positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.
    GO:0042327    positive regulation of phosphorylation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.
    GO:0051897    positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B.
    GO:0051091    positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.
    GO:0045944    positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
    GO:0051260    protein homooligomerization    The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.
    GO:0045670    regulation of osteoclast differentiation    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.
    GO:0033209    tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a tumor necrosis factor to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
cellular component
    GO:0005737    cytoplasm    All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
    GO:0005576    extracellular region    The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
    GO:0005615    extracellular space    That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.
    GO:0016021    integral component of membrane    The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
    GO:0005887    integral component of plasma membrane    The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
    GO:0016020    membrane    A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.
    GO:0005886    plasma membrane    The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

Chain Z   (TR11B_HUMAN | O00300)
molecular function
    GO:0005125    cytokine activity    Functions to control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.
    GO:0004872    receptor activity    Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity.
    GO:0005031    tumor necrosis factor-activated receptor activity    Combining with tumor necrosis factor, a proinflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages, to initiate a change in cell function.
biological process
    GO:0006915    apoptotic process    A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.
    GO:0097190    apoptotic signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
    GO:0030198    extracellular matrix organization    A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix.
    GO:0006955    immune response    Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
    GO:0006954    inflammatory response    The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.
    GO:0045779    negative regulation of bone resorption    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption.
    GO:0042489    negative regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx.
    GO:0043410    positive regulation of MAPK cascade    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade.
    GO:0042981    regulation of apoptotic process    Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process.
    GO:0042127    regulation of cell proliferation    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.
    GO:0046685    response to arsenic-containing substance    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides.
    GO:0042493    response to drug    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.
    GO:0043627    response to estrogen    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics.
    GO:0010035    response to inorganic substance    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus.
    GO:0032496    response to lipopolysaccharide    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.
    GO:0032026    response to magnesium ion    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a magnesium ion stimulus.
    GO:0007584    response to nutrient    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus.
    GO:0007165    signal transduction    The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.
    GO:0001501    skeletal system development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).
    GO:0033209    tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a tumor necrosis factor to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
cellular component
    GO:0005576    extracellular region    The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
    GO:0005615    extracellular space    That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.
    GO:0005887    integral component of plasma membrane    The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
    GO:0005886    plasma membrane    The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
    GO:0005578    proteinaceous extracellular matrix    A layer consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that forms a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. The proteins are secreted by cells in the vicinity. An example of this component is found in Mus musculus.

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