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(-) Description

Title :  CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE BASIC-HELIX-LOOP-HELIX DOMAINS OF THE HETERODIMER E47/NEUROD1 BOUND TO DNA
 
Authors :  R. B. Rose, A. Longo, G. P. Guanga
Date :  12 Jul 07  (Deposition) - 04 Nov 08  (Release) - 09 Jun 09  (Revision)
Method :  X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Resolution :  2.50
Chains :  Asym. Unit :  A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H
Biol. Unit 1:  A,B,E,F  (1x)
Biol. Unit 2:  C,D,G,H  (1x)
Biol. Unit 3:  A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H  (1x)
Keywords :  Basic-Helix-Loop-Helix, Protein-Dna Complex, Heterodimer, Dna-Binding, Activator, Developmental Protein, Differentiation, Neurogenesis, Nucleus, Phosphorylation, Transcription, Transcription Regulation, Cytoplasm, Phosphoprotein, Transcription/Dna Complex (Keyword Search: [Gene Ontology, PubMed, Web (Google))
 
Reference :  A. Longo, G. P. Guanga, R. B. Rose
Crystal Structure Of E47-Neurod1/Beta2 Bhlh Domain-Dna Complex: Heterodimer Selectivity And Dna Recognition.
Biochemistry V. 47 218 2008
PubMed-ID: 18069799  |  Reference-DOI: 10.1021/BI701527R
(for further references see the PDB file header)

(-) Compounds

Molecule 1 - TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR E2-ALPHA
    ChainsA, C
    EngineeredYES
    Expression SystemESCHERICHIA COLI
    Expression System PlasmidPET24B
    Expression System StrainBL21(DE3)STAR
    Expression System Taxid562
    Expression System Vector TypePLASMID
    FragmentBASIC-HELIX-LOOP-HELIX DOMAIN
    GeneTCF3
    Organism CommonMOUSE
    Organism ScientificMUS MUSCULUS
    Organism Taxid10090
 
Molecule 2 - NEUROGENIC DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 1
    ChainsB, D
    EngineeredYES
    Expression SystemESCHERICHIA COLI
    Expression System PlasmidPCDF-1B
    Expression System StrainBL21(DE3)STAR
    Expression System Taxid562
    Expression System Vector TypePLASMID
    FragmentBASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX DOMAIN
    GeneNEUROD1, NEUROD
    Organism CommonMOUSE
    Organism ScientificMUS MUSCULUS
    Organism Taxid10090
    SynonymNEUROD1
 
Molecule 3 - DNA (5'- D(*DTP*DAP*DGP*DGP*DCP*DCP*DAP*DTP*DCP*DTP*DGP*DGP*DTP*DCP* DCP*DT)-3')
    ChainsE, G
    EngineeredYES
    Other DetailsSYNTHESIZED OLIGONUCLEOTIDE
    SyntheticYES
 
Molecule 4 - DNA (5'- D(*DAP*DGP*DGP*DAP*DCP*DCP*DAP*DGP*DAP*DTP*DGP*DGP*DCP*DCP* DTP*DA)-3')
    ChainsF, H
    EngineeredYES
    Other DetailsSYNTHESIZED OLIGONUCLEOTIDE
    SyntheticYES

 Structural Features

(-) Chains, Units

  12345678
Asymmetric Unit ABCDEFGH
Biological Unit 1 (1x)AB  EF  
Biological Unit 2 (1x)  CD  GH
Biological Unit 3 (1x)ABCDEFGH

Summary Information (see also Sequences/Alignments below)

(-) Ligands, Modified Residues, Ions  (0, 0)

(no "Ligand,Modified Residues,Ions" information available for 2QL2)

(-) Sites  (0, 0)

(no "Site" information available for 2QL2)

(-) SS Bonds  (0, 0)

(no "SS Bond" information available for 2QL2)

(-) Cis Peptide Bonds  (0, 0)

(no "Cis Peptide Bond" information available for 2QL2)

 Sequence-Structure Mapping

(-) SAPs(SNPs)/Variants  (0, 0)

(no "SAP(SNP)/Variant" information available for 2QL2)

(-) PROSITE Motifs  (1, 1)

Asymmetric Unit (1, 1)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1BHLHPS50888 Myc-type, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain profile.NDF1_MOUSE101-153  1B:102-153
Biological Unit 1 (1, 1)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1BHLHPS50888 Myc-type, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain profile.NDF1_MOUSE101-153  1B:102-153
Biological Unit 2 (, 0)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1BHLHPS50888 Myc-type, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain profile.NDF1_MOUSE101-153  0-
Biological Unit 3 (1, 1)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1BHLHPS50888 Myc-type, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain profile.NDF1_MOUSE101-153  1B:102-153

(-) Exons   (0, 0)

(no "Exon" information available for 2QL2)

(-) Sequences/Alignments

Asymmetric Unit
   Reformat: Number of residues per line =  ('0' or empty: single-line sequence representation)
  Number of residues per labelling interval =   
  UniProt sequence: complete  aligned part    
   Show mapping: SCOP domains CATH domains Pfam domains Secondary structure (by author)
SAPs(SNPs) PROSITE motifs Exons
(details for a mapped element are shown in a popup box when the mouse pointer rests over it)
Chain A from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:56
 aligned with TFE2_MOUSE | P15806 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:651

    Alignment length:59
                                   556       566       576       586       596         
           TFE2_MOUSE   547 RRVANNARERLRVRDINEAFKELGRMCQLHLSSEKPQTKLLILHQAVAVILSLEQQVRE 605
               SCOP domains ----------------------------------------------------------- SCOP domains
               CATH domains 2ql2A00 A:543-601                                           CATH domains
               Pfam domains ----------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...---..hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.. Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ----------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ----------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript ----------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 2ql2 A 543 RRMANNARERVRVRDINEAFRELGRMCQLHLK---AQTKLLILQQAVQVILGLEQQVRE 601
                                   552       562       572 |   | 582       592         
                                                         574 578                       

Chain B from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:59
 aligned with NDF1_MOUSE | Q60867 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:357

    Alignment length:59
                                   110       120       130       140       150         
           NDF1_MOUSE   101 LRRMKANARERNRMHGLNAALDNLRKVVPCYSKTQKLSKIETLRLAKNYIWALSEILRS 159
               SCOP domains ----------------------------------------------------------- SCOP domains
               CATH domains 2ql2B00 B:101-159                                           CATH domains
               Pfam domains ----------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh..........hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.. Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ----------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE BHLH  PDB: B:102-153 UniProt: 101-153                ------ PROSITE
                 Transcript ----------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 2ql2 B 101 SRRMKANARERNRMHGLNAALDNLRKVVPCYSKTQKLSKIETLRLAKNYIWALSEILRS 159
                                   110       120       130       140       150         

Chain C from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:58
 aligned with TFE2_MOUSE | P15806 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:651

    Alignment length:60
                                   556       566       576       586       596       606
           TFE2_MOUSE   547 RRVANNARERLRVRDINEAFKELGRMCQLHLSSEKPQTKLLILHQAVAVILSLEQQVRER 606
               SCOP domains ------------------------------------------------------------ SCOP domains
               CATH domains 2ql2C00 C:543-602                                            CATH domains
           Pfam domains (1) HLH-2ql2C01 C:543-596                                 ------ Pfam domains (1)
           Pfam domains (2) HLH-2ql2C02 C:543-596                                 ------ Pfam domains (2)
         Sec.struct. author hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh..--.hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ------------------------------------------------------------ SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ------------------------------------------------------------ PROSITE
                 Transcript ------------------------------------------------------------ Transcript
                 2ql2 C 543 RRMANNARERVRVRDINEAFRELGRMCQLHLKSD--QTKLLILQQAVQVILGLEQQVRER 602
                                   552       562       572   |  |582       592       602
                                                           576  |                       
                                                              579                       

Chain D from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:57
 aligned with NDF1_MOUSE | Q60867 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:357

    Alignment length:57
                                   111       121       131       141       151       
           NDF1_MOUSE   102 RRMKANARERNRMHGLNAALDNLRKVVPCYSKTQKLSKIETLRLAKNYIWALSEILR 158
               SCOP domains --------------------------------------------------------- SCOP domains
               CATH domains 2ql2D00 D:102-158                                         CATH domains
           Pfam domains (1) HLH-2ql2D01 D:102-154                                ---- Pfam domains (1)
           Pfam domains (2) HLH-2ql2D02 D:102-154                                ---- Pfam domains (2)
         Sec.struct. author .hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.........hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) --------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE BHLH  PDB: - UniProt: 101-153                       ----- PROSITE
                 Transcript --------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 2ql2 D 102 RRMKANARERNRMHGLNAALDNLRKVVPCYSKTQKLSKIETLRLAKNYIWALSEILR 158
                                   111       121       131       141       151       

Chain E from PDB  Type:DNA  Length:16
                                                
                 2ql2 E   1 TAGGCCATCTGGTCCT  16
                                    10      

Chain F from PDB  Type:DNA  Length:16
                                                
                 2ql2 F  20 AGGACCAGATGGCCTA  35
                                    29      

Chain G from PDB  Type:DNA  Length:16
                                                
                 2ql2 G   1 TAGGCCATCTGGTCCT  16
                                    10      

Chain H from PDB  Type:DNA  Length:16
                                                
                 2ql2 H  20 AGGACCAGATGGCCTA  35
                                    29      

   Legend:   → Mismatch (orange background)
  - → Gap (green background, '-', border residues have a numbering label)
    → Modified Residue (blue background, lower-case, 'x' indicates undefined single-letter code, labelled with number + name)
  x → Chemical Group (purple background, 'x', labelled with number + name, e.g. ACE or NH2)
  extra numbering lines below/above indicate numbering irregularities and modified residue names etc., number ends below/above '|'

 Classification and Annotation

(-) SCOP Domains  (0, 0)

(no "SCOP Domain" information available for 2QL2)

(-) CATH Domains  (1, 4)

Asymmetric Unit

(-) Pfam Domains  (1, 4)

Asymmetric Unit
(-)
Family: HLH (6)
1aHLH-2ql2D01D:102-154
1bHLH-2ql2D02D:102-154
1cHLH-2ql2C01C:543-596
1dHLH-2ql2C02C:543-596

(-) Gene Ontology  (92, 118)

Asymmetric Unit(hide GO term definitions)
Chain A,C   (TFE2_MOUSE | P15806)
molecular function
    GO:0003677    DNA binding    Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
    GO:0070888    E-box binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an E-box, a DNA motif with the consensus sequence CANNTG that is found in the promoters of a wide array of genes expressed in neurons, muscle and other tissues.
    GO:0000978    RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II.
    GO:0000980    RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a RNA polymerase II (Pol II) distal enhancer. In mammalian cells, enhancers are distal sequences that increase the utilization of some promoters, and can function in either orientation and in any location (upstream or downstream) relative to the core promoter.
    GO:0043425    bHLH transcription factor binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any of the basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) superfamily of transcription factors, important regulatory components in transcriptional networks of many developmental pathways.
    GO:0003682    chromatin binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
    GO:0031435    mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, any protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase kinase.
    GO:0005515    protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
    GO:0046983    protein dimerization activity    The formation of a protein dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.
    GO:0046982    protein heterodimerization activity    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer.
    GO:0042803    protein homodimerization activity    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer.
    GO:0070491    repressing transcription factor binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription repressor, any protein whose activity is required to prevent or downregulate transcription.
    GO:0043565    sequence-specific DNA binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding.
    GO:0003713    transcription coactivator activity    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a activating transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.
    GO:0003700    transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
    GO:0008134    transcription factor binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription.
    GO:0044212    transcription regulatory region DNA binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that regulates the transcription of a region of DNA, which may be a gene, cistron, or operon. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.
    GO:0001077    transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter.
    GO:0001205    transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in a distal enhancer region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter.
    GO:0001078    transcriptional repressor activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
    GO:0070644    vitamin D response element binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the vitamin D response element (VDRE), a short sequence with dyad symmetry found in the promoters of some of the cellular immediate-early genes, regulated by serum.
biological process
    GO:0002326    B cell lineage commitment    The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to become any type of B cell.
    GO:0048541    Peyer's patch development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of Peyer's patches over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Peyer's patches are typically found as nodules associated with gut epithelium with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.
    GO:0033077    T cell differentiation in thymus    The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus.
    GO:0048468    cell development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
    GO:0030154    cell differentiation    The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
    GO:0007369    gastrulation    A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
    GO:0043966    histone H3 acetylation    The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group.
    GO:0043967    histone H4 acetylation    The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group.
    GO:0033152    immunoglobulin V(D)J recombination    The process in which immunoglobulin gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). For immunoglobulin heavy chains V, D, and J gene segments are joined, and for immunoglobulin light chains V and J gene segments are joined.
    GO:0030098    lymphocyte differentiation    The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of a lymphocyte. A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.
    GO:0001779    natural killer cell differentiation    The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell.
    GO:0000122    negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
    GO:0007399    nervous system development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.
    GO:0030890    positive regulation of B cell proliferation    Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation.
    GO:0045787    positive regulation of cell cycle    Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
    GO:0010628    positive regulation of gene expression    Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
    GO:0051149    positive regulation of muscle cell differentiation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.
    GO:0045666    positive regulation of neuron differentiation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
    GO:0051091    positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.
    GO:0045944    positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
    GO:0045893    positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
    GO:0050821    protein stabilization    Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation.
    GO:2000045    regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle    Any cell cycle regulatory process that controls the commitment of a cell from G1 to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
    GO:0006357    regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
    GO:0006355    regulation of transcription, DNA-templated    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
    GO:0042493    response to drug    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.
    GO:0032496    response to lipopolysaccharide    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.
    GO:0006366    transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter    The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
    GO:0006351    transcription, DNA-templated    The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA.
cellular component
    GO:0090575    RNA polymerase II transcription factor complex    A transcription factor complex that acts at promoters of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II.
    GO:0005737    cytoplasm    All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
    GO:0000790    nuclear chromatin    The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome in the nucleus.
    GO:0000788    nuclear nucleosome    A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA in the nucleus into higher order structures.
    GO:0005654    nucleoplasm    That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.
    GO:0005634    nucleus    A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
    GO:0043234    protein complex    A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical.
    GO:0005667    transcription factor complex    A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription.

Chain B,D   (NDF1_MOUSE | Q60867)
molecular function
    GO:0003677    DNA binding    Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
    GO:0070888    E-box binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an E-box, a DNA motif with the consensus sequence CANNTG that is found in the promoters of a wide array of genes expressed in neurons, muscle and other tissues.
    GO:0001102    RNA polymerase II activating transcription factor binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription activating factor, a protein involved in positive regulation of transcription.
    GO:0000978    RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II.
    GO:0001105    RNA polymerase II transcription coactivator activity    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) regulatory transcription factor and also with the RNAP II basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind DNA, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal RNAP II transcription machinery.
    GO:0003682    chromatin binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
    GO:0003690    double-stranded DNA binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded DNA.
    GO:0005515    protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
    GO:0046983    protein dimerization activity    The formation of a protein dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.
    GO:0046982    protein heterodimerization activity    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer.
    GO:0043565    sequence-specific DNA binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding.
    GO:0003713    transcription coactivator activity    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a activating transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.
    GO:0003700    transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
    GO:0008134    transcription factor binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription.
    GO:0001077    transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter.
biological process
    GO:0035881    amacrine cell differentiation    The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an amacrine cell, an interneuron generated in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the vertebrate retina. Amacrine cells integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the retinal ganglion cells, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer. Amacrine cells lack large axons.
    GO:0009952    anterior/posterior pattern specification    The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.
    GO:0043010    camera-type eye development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.
    GO:0030154    cell differentiation    The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
    GO:0045165    cell fate commitment    The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
    GO:0071333    cellular response to glucose stimulus    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.
    GO:0021549    cerebellum development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.
    GO:0021542    dentate gyrus development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dentate gyrus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The dentate gyrus is one of two interlocking gyri of the hippocampus. It contains granule cells, which project to the pyramidal cells and interneurons of the CA3 region of the ammon gyrus.
    GO:0048562    embryonic organ morphogenesis    Morphogenesis, during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
    GO:0031018    endocrine pancreas development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.
    GO:0035883    enteroendocrine cell differentiation    The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an enteroendocrine cell. Enteroendocrine cells are hormonally active epithelial cells in the gut that constitute the diffuse neuroendocrine system.
    GO:0042593    glucose homeostasis    Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell.
    GO:0030902    hindbrain development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium).
    GO:0048839    inner ear development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
    GO:0030073    insulin secretion    The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin.
    GO:0007275    multicellular organism development    The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
    GO:0046426    negative regulation of JAK-STAT cascade    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activity.
    GO:2000675    negative regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process    Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.
    GO:0007399    nervous system development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.
    GO:0048666    neuron development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
    GO:0007263    nitric oxide mediated signal transduction    Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via nitric oxide (NO). Includes synthesis of nitric oxide, receptors/sensors for nitric oxide (such as soluble guanylyl cyclase/sGC) and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. Nitric oxide transmits its downstream effects through either cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent or independent mechanisms.
    GO:0006913    nucleocytoplasmic transport    The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
    GO:0003326    pancreatic A cell fate commitment    The commitment of a cell to a pancreatic A cell and its capacity to differentiate into a pancreatic A cell. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.
    GO:0003329    pancreatic PP cell fate commitment    The commitment of a cell to a pancreatic PP cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into a pancreatic PP cell. A pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell is a cell in the pancreas that produces pancreatic polypeptide.
    GO:0043065    positive regulation of apoptotic process    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
    GO:0045597    positive regulation of cell differentiation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.
    GO:0045666    positive regulation of neuron differentiation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
    GO:0051091    positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.
    GO:0045944    positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
    GO:2000679    positive regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.
    GO:0045893    positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
    GO:0071156    regulation of cell cycle arrest    Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell cycle arrest, the process in which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases.
    GO:0060730    regulation of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance    Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance, a tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of the structure of the intestinal epithelium.
    GO:0045664    regulation of neuron differentiation    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
    GO:0006355    regulation of transcription, DNA-templated    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
    GO:0042493    response to drug    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.
    GO:0009749    response to glucose    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.
    GO:0023019    signal transduction involved in regulation of gene expression    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another.
    GO:0006366    transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter    The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
    GO:0006351    transcription, DNA-templated    The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA.
cellular component
    GO:0090575    RNA polymerase II transcription factor complex    A transcription factor complex that acts at promoters of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II.
    GO:0005737    cytoplasm    All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
    GO:0005622    intracellular    The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.
    GO:0005654    nucleoplasm    That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.
    GO:0005634    nucleus    A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

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