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(-) Description

Title :  SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF A DODECAPEPTIDE FROM ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN BOUND WITH SYNPHILIN-1
 
Authors :  C. J. Zhou, H. Y. Hu, D. H. Lin
Date :  28 Dec 06  (Deposition) - 22 Jan 08  (Release) - 12 May 10  (Revision)
Method :  SOLUTION NMR
Resolution :  NOT APPLICABLE
Chains :  NMR Structure  :  A  (10x)
Keywords :  Alpha-Synuclein, N-Terminus, Dodecapeptide, Synphilin-1, Lipid Binding Protein, Protein Fibril (Keyword Search: [Gene Ontology, PubMed, Web (Google))
 
Reference :  Y. Y. Xie, C. J. Zhou, Z. R. Zhou, J. Hong, M. X. Che, Q. S. Fu, A. X. Song, D. H. Lin, H. Y. Hu
Interaction With Synphilin-1 Promotes Inclusion Formation Of Alpha-Synuclein: Mechanistic Insights And Pathological Implication.
Faseb J. V. 24 196 2010
PubMed-ID: 19762560  |  Reference-DOI: 10.1096/FJ.09-133082

(-) Compounds

Molecule 1 - ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN
    ChainsA
    EngineeredYES
    FragmentRESIDUES 1-12
    Other DetailsTHE PEPTIDE IS NATURALLY FOUND IN HOMO SAPIENS.
    SynonymNON-A BETA COMPONENT OF AD AMYLOID, NON-A4 COMPONENT OF AMYLOID PRECURSOR, NACP
    SyntheticYES

 Structural Features

(-) Chains, Units

  
NMR Structure (10x)

Summary Information (see also Sequences/Alignments below)

(-) Ligands, Modified Residues, Ions  (0, 0)

(no "Ligand,Modified Residues,Ions" information available for 2JN5)

(-) Sites  (0, 0)

(no "Site" information available for 2JN5)

(-) SS Bonds  (0, 0)

(no "SS Bond" information available for 2JN5)

(-) Cis Peptide Bonds  (0, 0)

(no "Cis Peptide Bond" information available for 2JN5)

 Sequence-Structure Mapping

(-) SAPs(SNPs)/Variants  (0, 0)

(no "SAP(SNP)/Variant" information available for 2JN5)

(-) PROSITE Motifs  (0, 0)

(no "PROSITE Motif" information available for 2JN5)

(-) Exons   (1, 1)

NMR Structure (1, 1)
 ENSEMBLUniProtKBPDB
No.Transcript IDExonExon IDGenome LocationLengthIDLocationLengthCountLocationLength
1.2aENST000003949912aENSE00001946342chr4:90758379-90758113267SYUA_HUMAN-00--
1.4bENST000003949914bENSE00001407446chr4:90756843-90756698146SYUA_HUMAN1-41411A:1-1212
1.5ENST000003949915ENSE00000970012chr4:90749335-9074929442SYUA_HUMAN41-55150--
1.6bENST000003949916bENSE00000970013chr4:90743539-90743397143SYUA_HUMAN55-102480--
1.7ENST000003949917ENSE00000970014chr4:90650428-9065034584SYUA_HUMAN103-130280--
1.8dENST000003949918dENSE00001351104chr4:90647811-90647204608SYUA_HUMAN131-140100--

(-) Sequences/Alignments

NMR Structure
   Reformat: Number of residues per line =  ('0' or empty: single-line sequence representation)
  Number of residues per labelling interval =   
  UniProt sequence: complete  aligned part    
   Show mapping: SCOP domains CATH domains Pfam domains Secondary structure (by author)
SAPs(SNPs) PROSITE motifs Exons
(details for a mapped element are shown in a popup box when the mouse pointer rests over it)
Chain A from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:12
 aligned with SYUA_HUMAN | P37840 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:140

    Alignment length:12
                                    10  
            SYUA_HUMAN    1 MDVFMKGLSKAK 12
               SCOP domains ------------ SCOP domains
               CATH domains ------------ CATH domains
               Pfam domains Synuclein-2j Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author ............ Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ------------ SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ------------ PROSITE
               Transcript 1 Exon 1.4b    Transcript 1
                  2jn5 A  1 MDVFMKGLSKAK 12
                                    10  

   Legend:   → Mismatch (orange background)
  - → Gap (green background, '-', border residues have a numbering label)
    → Modified Residue (blue background, lower-case, 'x' indicates undefined single-letter code, labelled with number + name)
  x → Chemical Group (purple background, 'x', labelled with number + name, e.g. ACE or NH2)
  extra numbering lines below/above indicate numbering irregularities and modified residue names etc., number ends below/above '|'

 Classification and Annotation

(-) SCOP Domains  (0, 0)

(no "SCOP Domain" information available for 2JN5)

(-) CATH Domains  (0, 0)

(no "CATH Domain" information available for 2JN5)

(-) Pfam Domains  (1, 1)

NMR Structure

(-) Gene Ontology  (135, 135)

NMR Structure(hide GO term definitions)
Chain A   (SYUA_HUMAN | P37840)
molecular function
    GO:0043014    alpha-tubulin binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the microtubule constituent protein alpha-tubulin.
    GO:0048487    beta-tubulin binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the microtubule constituent protein beta-tubulin.
    GO:0005509    calcium ion binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+).
    GO:0005507    copper ion binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper (Cu) ions.
    GO:0043027    cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity involved in apoptotic process    Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.
    GO:0019899    enzyme binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme.
    GO:0005504    fatty acid binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.
    GO:0008198    ferrous iron binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ferrous iron, Fe(II).
    GO:0042393    histone binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a histone, any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of eukaroytic chromosomes. They are involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes during cell division and have also been implicated in nonspecific suppression of gene activity.
    GO:0042802    identical protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins.
    GO:0019894    kinesin binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with kinesin, a member of a superfamily of microtubule-based motor proteins that perform force-generating tasks such as organelle transport and chromosome segregation.
    GO:0000287    magnesium ion binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with magnesium (Mg) ions.
    GO:0046872    metal ion binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion.
    GO:0008017    microtubule binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with microtubules, filaments composed of tubulin monomers.
    GO:0016491    oxidoreductase activity    Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.
    GO:0060961    phospholipase D inhibitor activity    Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a phospholipase D, an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: a phosphatidylcholine + H2O = choline + a phosphatidate.
    GO:0043274    phospholipase binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any phospholipase, enzymes that catalyze of the hydrolysis of a glycerophospholipid.
    GO:0005543    phospholipid binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phospholipids, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
    GO:0051219    phosphoprotein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a phosphorylated protein.
    GO:0047485    protein N-terminus binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein N-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 2-amino (or 2-imino) function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue.
    GO:0005515    protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
    GO:0019904    protein domain specific binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific domain of a protein.
    GO:0048156    tau protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with tau protein. tau is a microtubule-associated protein, implicated in Alzheimer's disease, Down Syndrome and ALS.
    GO:0044212    transcription regulatory region DNA binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that regulates the transcription of a region of DNA, which may be a gene, cistron, or operon. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.
    GO:0008270    zinc ion binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions.
biological process
    GO:0006919    activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process    Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process.
    GO:0008344    adult locomotory behavior    Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.
    GO:0007568    aging    A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700).
    GO:0048148    behavioral response to cocaine    Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a cocaine stimulus.
    GO:0055074    calcium ion homeostasis    Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within an organism or cell.
    GO:0044267    cellular protein metabolic process    The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general, occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes cellular protein modification.
    GO:0071280    cellular response to copper ion    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a copper ion stimulus.
    GO:0071872    cellular response to epinephrine stimulus    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epinephrine stimulus. Epinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C9H13NO3; it is secreted by the adrenal medulla to act as a hormone, and released by certain neurons to act as a neurotransmitter active in the central nervous system.
    GO:0044344    cellular response to fibroblast growth factor stimulus    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an fibroblast growth factor stimulus.
    GO:0034599    cellular response to oxidative stress    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
    GO:0007268    chemical synaptic transmission    The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.
    GO:0042416    dopamine biosynthetic process    The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
    GO:0042417    dopamine metabolic process    The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
    GO:0051583    dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission    The directed movement of dopamine into a presynaptic neuron or glial cell. In this context, dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
    GO:0060079    excitatory postsynaptic potential    A process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.
    GO:0006631    fatty acid metabolic process    The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.
    GO:0060291    long-term synaptic potentiation    A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the increase in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse.
    GO:0061024    membrane organization    A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
    GO:0001774    microglial cell activation    The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
    GO:0042775    mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport    The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP, as it occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane or chloroplast thylakoid membrane.
    GO:0007006    mitochondrial membrane organization    A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrial membrane, either of the lipid bilayer surrounding a mitochondrion.
    GO:0043066    negative regulation of apoptotic process    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
    GO:1904715    negative regulation of chaperone-mediated autophagy    Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chaperone-mediated autophagy.
    GO:0043154    negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in the apoptotic process.
    GO:0045963    negative regulation of dopamine metabolic process    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine.
    GO:0051585    negative regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of dopamine into a presynaptic neuron or glial cell.
    GO:0045920    negative regulation of exocytosis    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.
    GO:0035067    negative regulation of histone acetylation    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein.
    GO:0031115    negative regulation of microtubule polymerization    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.
    GO:1902957    negative regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone    Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone.
    GO:0032769    negative regulation of monooxygenase activity    Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a monooxygenase.
    GO:0043524    negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.
    GO:1901215    negative regulation of neuron death    Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death.
    GO:0051622    negative regulation of norepinephrine uptake    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell.
    GO:0010642    negative regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
    GO:0001933    negative regulation of protein phosphorylation    Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
    GO:0051612    negative regulation of serotonin uptake    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of serotonin into a cell.
    GO:0070495    negative regulation of thrombin-activated receptor signaling pathway    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thrombin-activated receptor protein signaling pathway activity. A thrombin receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a thrombin-activated receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
    GO:0000122    negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
    GO:0032410    negative regulation of transporter activity    Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a transporter.
    GO:0006638    neutral lipid metabolic process    The chemical reactions and pathways involving neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.
    GO:0055114    oxidation-reduction process    A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons.
    GO:0006644    phospholipid metabolic process    The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
    GO:0043065    positive regulation of apoptotic process    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
    GO:0045807    positive regulation of endocytosis    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.
    GO:1903284    positive regulation of glutathione peroxidase activity    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutathione peroxidase activity.
    GO:1903285    positive regulation of hydrogen peroxide catabolic process    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide catabolic process.
    GO:0060732    positive regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthetic process    Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.
    GO:0001956    positive regulation of neurotransmitter secretion    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.
    GO:0033138    positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.
    GO:0071902    positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity    Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.
    GO:0001921    positive regulation of receptor recycling    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor recycling.
    GO:0051281    positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.
    GO:0050806    positive regulation of synaptic transmission    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.
    GO:0031648    protein destabilization    Any process that decreases the stability of a protein, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes or aggregation.
    GO:0031623    receptor internalization    A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of receptors from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. The process begins when cell surface receptors are monoubiquitinated following ligand-induced activation. Receptors are subsequently taken up into endocytic vesicles from where they are either targeted to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation or recycled back to the plasma membrane.
    GO:0050812    regulation of acyl-CoA biosynthetic process    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acyl-CoA.
    GO:0014059    regulation of dopamine secretion    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.
    GO:0014048    regulation of glutamate secretion    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
    GO:0040012    regulation of locomotion    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
    GO:0048169    regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity    A process that modulates long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers.
    GO:0043030    regulation of macrophage activation    Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of macrophage activation.
    GO:1901214    regulation of neuron death    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death.
    GO:0048168    regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity    A process that modulates neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.
    GO:0046928    regulation of neurotransmitter secretion    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell.
    GO:0010517    regulation of phospholipase activity    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.
    GO:1903426    regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.
    GO:2000377    regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.
    GO:1903421    regulation of synaptic vesicle recycling    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle recycling.
    GO:0042220    response to cocaine    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cocaine stimulus. Cocaine is a crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the coca plant.
    GO:0042493    response to drug    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.
    GO:0034341    response to interferon-gamma    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.
    GO:0070555    response to interleukin-1    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus.
    GO:0010040    response to iron(II) ion    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron(II) ion stimulus.
    GO:0032496    response to lipopolysaccharide    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.
    GO:0032026    response to magnesium ion    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a magnesium ion stimulus.
    GO:0050808    synapse organization    A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).
    GO:0001963    synaptic transmission, dopaminergic    The vesicular release of dopamine. from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.
    GO:0048488    synaptic vesicle endocytosis    Clathrin-mediated endocytosis of presynaptic membrane that recycles synaptic vesicle membrane and its components following synaptic vesicle exocytosis. This process starts with coating of the membrane with adaptor proteins and clathrin prior to invagination and ends when uncoating has finished.
    GO:0048489    synaptic vesicle transport    The directed movement of synaptic vesicles.
cellular component
    GO:0005794    Golgi apparatus    A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.
    GO:0015629    actin cytoskeleton    The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes.
    GO:0030424    axon    The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.
    GO:0043679    axon terminus    Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal button is a specialized region of it.
    GO:0005938    cell cortex    The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.
    GO:0030054    cell junction    A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix.
    GO:0005737    cytoplasm    All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
    GO:0030659    cytoplasmic vesicle membrane    The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle.
    GO:0005856    cytoskeleton    Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles.
    GO:0005829    cytosol    The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.
    GO:0005576    extracellular region    The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
    GO:0005615    extracellular space    That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.
    GO:0030426    growth cone    The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon or dendrite.
    GO:0016234    inclusion body    A discrete intracellular part formed of aggregated molecules such as proteins or other biopolymers.
    GO:0043231    intracellular membrane-bounded organelle    Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.
    GO:0005764    lysosome    A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.
    GO:0016020    membrane    A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.
    GO:0005747    mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I    A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It contains about 25 different polypeptide subunits, including NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), flavin mononucleotide and several different iron-sulfur clusters containing non-heme iron. The iron undergoes oxidation-reduction between Fe(II) and Fe(III), and catalyzes proton translocation linked to the oxidation of NADH by ubiquinone.
    GO:0005739    mitochondrion    A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.
    GO:0005640    nuclear outer membrane    The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes.
    GO:0005634    nucleus    A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
    GO:0048471    perinuclear region of cytoplasm    Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.
    GO:0005886    plasma membrane    The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
    GO:0031092    platelet alpha granule membrane    The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet alpha granule.
    GO:0098794    postsynapse    The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.
    GO:0005840    ribosome    An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins.
    GO:0005791    rough endoplasmic reticulum    The rough (or granular) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has ribosomes adhering to the outer surface; the ribosomes are the site of translation of the mRNA for those proteins which are either to be retained within the cisternae (ER-resident proteins), the proteins of the lysosomes, or the proteins destined for export from the cell. Glycoproteins undergo their initial glycosylation within the cisternae.
    GO:0045202    synapse    The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.
    GO:0008021    synaptic vesicle    A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.
    GO:0043195    terminal bouton    Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.

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        SYUA_HUMAN | P378401xq8 2kkw 2m55 2n0a 2x6m 3q25 3q26 3q27 3q28 3q29 4bxl 4r0u 4r0w 4rik 4ril 4znn 5crw

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