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(-) Description

Title :  HYPERTHERMOPHILIC THREONINE DEHYDROGENASE FROM PYROCOCCUS HORIKOSHII
 
Authors :  K. Ishikawa, N. Higashi, T. Nakamura, T. Matsuura, A. Nakagawa
Date :  03 Mar 06  (Deposition) - 16 Jan 07  (Release) - 13 Jul 11  (Revision)
Method :  X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Resolution :  2.05
Chains :  Asym. Unit :  A,B,C
Biol. Unit 1:  A  (1x)
Biol. Unit 2:  B  (1x)
Biol. Unit 3:  C  (1x)
Keywords :  Threonine Dehydrogenase, Pyrococcus Horikoshii, Archaea, Alchol Dehydrogenase, Ph0655, Oxidoreductase (Keyword Search: [Gene Ontology, PubMed, Web (Google))
 
Reference :  K. Ishikawa, N. Higashi, T. Nakamura, T. Matsuura, A. Nakagawa
The First Crystal Structure Of L-Threonine Dehydrogenase.
J. Mol. Biol. V. 366 857 2007
PubMed-ID: 17188300  |  Reference-DOI: 10.1016/J.JMB.2006.11.060

(-) Compounds

Molecule 1 - PROBABLE L-THREONINE 3-DEHYDROGENASE
    ChainsA, B, C
    EC Number1.1.1.103
    EngineeredYES
    Expression SystemESCHERICHIA COLI
    Expression System Taxid562
    Organism ScientificPYROCOCCUS HORIKOSHII
    Organism Taxid70601
    StrainOT3
    SynonymTHREONINE DEHYDROGENASE

 Structural Features

(-) Chains, Units

  123
Asymmetric Unit ABC
Biological Unit 1 (1x)A  
Biological Unit 2 (1x) B 
Biological Unit 3 (1x)  C

Summary Information (see also Sequences/Alignments below)

(-) Ligands, Modified Residues, Ions  (4, 27)

Asymmetric Unit (4, 27)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1MSE18Mod. Amino AcidSELENOMETHIONINE
2NAD3Ligand/IonNICOTINAMIDE-ADENINE-DINUCLEOTIDE
3SO43Ligand/IonSULFATE ION
4ZN3Ligand/IonZINC ION
Biological Unit 1 (3, 8)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1MSE6Mod. Amino AcidSELENOMETHIONINE
2NAD1Ligand/IonNICOTINAMIDE-ADENINE-DINUCLEOTIDE
3SO41Ligand/IonSULFATE ION
4ZN-1Ligand/IonZINC ION
Biological Unit 2 (3, 8)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1MSE6Mod. Amino AcidSELENOMETHIONINE
2NAD1Ligand/IonNICOTINAMIDE-ADENINE-DINUCLEOTIDE
3SO41Ligand/IonSULFATE ION
4ZN-1Ligand/IonZINC ION
Biological Unit 3 (3, 8)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1MSE6Mod. Amino AcidSELENOMETHIONINE
2NAD1Ligand/IonNICOTINAMIDE-ADENINE-DINUCLEOTIDE
3SO41Ligand/IonSULFATE ION
4ZN-1Ligand/IonZINC ION

(-) Sites  (9, 9)

Asymmetric Unit (9, 9)
No.NameEvidenceResiduesDescription
1AC1SOFTWARECYS A:97 , CYS A:100 , CYS A:103 , CYS A:111BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE ZN A 1001
2AC2SOFTWARECYS B:97 , CYS B:100 , CYS B:103 , CYS B:111BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE ZN B 1002
3AC3SOFTWARECYS C:97 , CYS C:100 , CYS C:103 , CYS C:111BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE ZN C 1003
4AC4SOFTWAREHIS A:94 , ASN A:156 , GLY A:293 , ARG A:294 , NAD A:1401 , HOH A:2186BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE SO4 A 2001
5AC5SOFTWAREHIS B:94 , ASN B:156 , GLY B:293 , ARG B:294 , NAD B:2401 , HOH B:2403BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE SO4 B 2002
6AC6SOFTWAREHIS C:94 , ASN C:156 , GLY C:293 , ARG C:294 , NAD C:3401 , HOH C:3403BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE SO4 C 2003
7AC7SOFTWARECYS A:42 , ASN A:156 , GLY A:175 , GLY A:177 , PRO A:178 , LEU A:179 , SER A:198 , GLU A:199 , PRO A:200 , ARG A:204 , PHE A:243 , SER A:244 , ALA A:246 , ALA A:249 , LEU A:266 , GLY A:267 , LEU A:268 , ILE A:282 , ILE A:291 , THR A:292 , SO4 A:2001 , HOH A:2010 , HOH A:2028 , HOH A:2029 , HOH A:2038 , HOH A:2053 , HOH A:2137 , HOH A:2152 , HOH A:2153 , HOH A:2154 , HOH A:2166BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAD A 1401
8AC8SOFTWARECYS B:42 , ASN B:156 , GLY B:175 , GLY B:177 , PRO B:178 , LEU B:179 , SER B:198 , GLU B:199 , PRO B:200 , ARG B:204 , PHE B:243 , SER B:244 , ALA B:246 , LEU B:266 , GLY B:267 , LEU B:268 , ILE B:291 , THR B:292 , SO4 B:2002 , HOH B:2413 , HOH B:2423 , HOH B:2426 , HOH B:2443 , HOH B:2493 , HOH B:2521 , HOH B:2537 , HOH B:2560 , ILE C:282BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAD B 2401
9AC9SOFTWAREILE B:282 , CYS C:42 , ASN C:156 , GLY C:175 , GLY C:177 , PRO C:178 , LEU C:179 , SER C:198 , GLU C:199 , PRO C:200 , ARG C:204 , PHE C:243 , SER C:244 , ALA C:246 , LEU C:266 , GLY C:267 , LEU C:268 , ILE C:291 , THR C:292 , SO4 C:2003 , HOH C:3407 , HOH C:3420 , HOH C:3451 , HOH C:3484 , HOH C:3495 , HOH C:3513 , HOH C:3536BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAD C 3401

(-) SS Bonds  (0, 0)

(no "SS Bond" information available for 2DFV)

(-) Cis Peptide Bonds  (9, 9)

Asymmetric Unit
No.Residues
1Pro A:61 -Pro A:62
2Tyr A:193 -Pro A:194
3Leu A:296 -Trp A:297
4Pro B:61 -Pro B:62
5Tyr B:193 -Pro B:194
6Leu B:296 -Trp B:297
7Pro C:61 -Pro C:62
8Tyr C:193 -Pro C:194
9Leu C:296 -Trp C:297

 Sequence-Structure Mapping

(-) SAPs(SNPs)/Variants  (0, 0)

(no "SAP(SNP)/Variant" information available for 2DFV)

(-) PROSITE Motifs  (1, 3)

Asymmetric Unit (1, 3)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1ADH_ZINCPS00059 Zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenases signature.TDH_PYRHO66-80
 
 
  3A:66-80
B:66-80
C:66-80
Biological Unit 1 (1, 1)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1ADH_ZINCPS00059 Zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenases signature.TDH_PYRHO66-80
 
 
  1A:66-80
-
-
Biological Unit 2 (1, 1)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1ADH_ZINCPS00059 Zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenases signature.TDH_PYRHO66-80
 
 
  1-
B:66-80
-
Biological Unit 3 (1, 1)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1ADH_ZINCPS00059 Zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenases signature.TDH_PYRHO66-80
 
 
  1-
-
C:66-80

(-) Exons   (0, 0)

(no "Exon" information available for 2DFV)

(-) Sequences/Alignments

Asymmetric Unit
   Reformat: Number of residues per line =  ('0' or empty: single-line sequence representation)
  Number of residues per labelling interval =   
  UniProt sequence: complete  aligned part    
   Show mapping: SCOP domains CATH domains Pfam domains Secondary structure (by author)
SAPs(SNPs) PROSITE motifs Exons
(details for a mapped element are shown in a popup box when the mouse pointer rests over it)
Chain A from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:346
 aligned with TDH_PYRHO | O58389 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:348

    Alignment length:346
                                    12        22        32        42        52        62        72        82        92       102       112       122       132       142       152       162       172       182       192       202       212       222       232       242       252       262       272       282       292       302       312       322       332       342      
            TDH_PYRHO     3 EKMVAIMKTKPGYGAELVEVDVPKPGPGEVLIKVLATSICGTDLHIYEWNEWAQSRIKPPQIMGHEVAGEVVEIGPGVEGIEVGDYVSVETHIVCGKCYACRRGQYHVCQNTKIFGVDTDGVFAEYAVVPAQNIWKNPKSIPPEYATLQEPLGNAVDTVLAGPISGKSVLITGAGPLGLLGIAVAKASGAYPVIVSEPSDFRRELAKKVGADYVINPFEEDVVKEVMDITDGNGVDVFLEFSGAPKALEQGLQAVTPAGRVSLLGLYPGKVTIDFNNLIIFKALTIYGITGRHLWETWYTVSRLLQSGKLNLDPIITHKYKGFDKYEEAFELMRAGKTGKVVFMLK 348
               SCOP domains ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SCOP domains
               CATH domains ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author .eeeeeee.......eeeeee.......eeeeeeeeee.hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...ee...eeeeeeeee...........eeee..ee....hhhhhh.hhhhh...ee...........eeeee...eee.....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh........eeee..hhhhhhhhhhhhhh....eeee..hhhhhhhhhhhh..eee.....hhhhhhhhhh....eeeeee...hhhhhhhhhhheeeeeeeee..........hhhhhh.....eeee......hhhhhhhhhhhhh........eeeeee...hhhhhhhhhhh....eeeee.. Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ---------------------------------------------------------------ADH_ZINC       ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 2dfv A   3 EKmVAImKTKPGYGAELVEVDVPKPGPGEVLIKVLATSICGTDLHIYEWNEWAQSRIKPPQImGHEVAGEVVEIGPGVEGIEVGDYVSVETHIVCGKCYACRRGQYHVCQNTKIFGVDTDGVFAEYAVVPAQNIWKNPKSIPPEYATLQEPLGNAVDTVLAGPISGKSVLITGAGPLGLLGIAVAKASGAYPVIVSEPSDFRRELAKKVGADYVINPFEEDVVKEVmDITDGNGVDVFLEFSGAPKALEQGLQAVTPAGRVSLLGLYPGKVTIDFNNLIIFKALTIYGITGRHLWETWYTVSRLLQSGKLNLDPIITHKYKGFDKYEEAFELmRAGKTGKVVFmLK 348
                              |   | 12        22        32        42        52        62  |     72        82        92       102       112       122       132       142       152       162       172       182       192       202       212       222      |232       242       252       262       272       282       292       302       312       322       332  |    342   |  
                              |   |                                                      65-MSE                                                                                                                                                             229-MSE                                                                                                   335-MSE    346-MSE
                              5-MSE                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                  9-MSE                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

Chain B from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:346
 aligned with TDH_PYRHO | O58389 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:348

    Alignment length:346
                                    12        22        32        42        52        62        72        82        92       102       112       122       132       142       152       162       172       182       192       202       212       222       232       242       252       262       272       282       292       302       312       322       332       342      
            TDH_PYRHO     3 EKMVAIMKTKPGYGAELVEVDVPKPGPGEVLIKVLATSICGTDLHIYEWNEWAQSRIKPPQIMGHEVAGEVVEIGPGVEGIEVGDYVSVETHIVCGKCYACRRGQYHVCQNTKIFGVDTDGVFAEYAVVPAQNIWKNPKSIPPEYATLQEPLGNAVDTVLAGPISGKSVLITGAGPLGLLGIAVAKASGAYPVIVSEPSDFRRELAKKVGADYVINPFEEDVVKEVMDITDGNGVDVFLEFSGAPKALEQGLQAVTPAGRVSLLGLYPGKVTIDFNNLIIFKALTIYGITGRHLWETWYTVSRLLQSGKLNLDPIITHKYKGFDKYEEAFELMRAGKTGKVVFMLK 348
               SCOP domains ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SCOP domains
               CATH domains ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author .eeeeeee.......eeeeee.......eeeeeeeeee.hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...ee...eeeeeeeee...........eeee..ee....hhhhhh.hhhhh...ee...........eeeee...eee.....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh........eeee..hhhhhhhhhhhhhh....eeee..hhhhhhhhhhhh..eee.....hhhhhhhhhh....eeeeee...hhhhhhhhhhheeeeeeeee..........hhhhhh.....eeee......hhhhhhhhhhhhh....hhh.eeeeee...hhhhhhhhhhh....eeeee.. Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ---------------------------------------------------------------ADH_ZINC       ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 2dfv B   3 EKmVAImKTKPGYGAELVEVDVPKPGPGEVLIKVLATSICGTDLHIYEWNEWAQSRIKPPQImGHEVAGEVVEIGPGVEGIEVGDYVSVETHIVCGKCYACRRGQYHVCQNTKIFGVDTDGVFAEYAVVPAQNIWKNPKSIPPEYATLQEPLGNAVDTVLAGPISGKSVLITGAGPLGLLGIAVAKASGAYPVIVSEPSDFRRELAKKVGADYVINPFEEDVVKEVmDITDGNGVDVFLEFSGAPKALEQGLQAVTPAGRVSLLGLYPGKVTIDFNNLIIFKALTIYGITGRHLWETWYTVSRLLQSGKLNLDPIITHKYKGFDKYEEAFELmRAGKTGKVVFmLK 348
                              |   | 12        22        32        42        52        62  |     72        82        92       102       112       122       132       142       152       162       172       182       192       202       212       222      |232       242       252       262       272       282       292       302       312       322       332  |    342   |  
                              |   |                                                      65-MSE                                                                                                                                                             229-MSE                                                                                                   335-MSE    346-MSE
                              5-MSE                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                  9-MSE                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

Chain C from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:346
 aligned with TDH_PYRHO | O58389 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:348

    Alignment length:346
                                    12        22        32        42        52        62        72        82        92       102       112       122       132       142       152       162       172       182       192       202       212       222       232       242       252       262       272       282       292       302       312       322       332       342      
            TDH_PYRHO     3 EKMVAIMKTKPGYGAELVEVDVPKPGPGEVLIKVLATSICGTDLHIYEWNEWAQSRIKPPQIMGHEVAGEVVEIGPGVEGIEVGDYVSVETHIVCGKCYACRRGQYHVCQNTKIFGVDTDGVFAEYAVVPAQNIWKNPKSIPPEYATLQEPLGNAVDTVLAGPISGKSVLITGAGPLGLLGIAVAKASGAYPVIVSEPSDFRRELAKKVGADYVINPFEEDVVKEVMDITDGNGVDVFLEFSGAPKALEQGLQAVTPAGRVSLLGLYPGKVTIDFNNLIIFKALTIYGITGRHLWETWYTVSRLLQSGKLNLDPIITHKYKGFDKYEEAFELMRAGKTGKVVFMLK 348
               SCOP domains ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SCOP domains
               CATH domains ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author .eeeeeee.......eeeeee.......eeeeeeeeee.hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...ee...eeeeeeeee...........eeee..ee....hhhhhhhhhhhh...ee...........eeeee...eee.....hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh........eeee..hhhhhhhhhhhhhh....eeee..hhhhhhhhhhhh..eee.....hhhhhhhhhh....eeeeee...hhhhhhhhhhheeeeeeeee..........hhhhhh.....eeee......hhhhhhhhhhhhh....hhh.eeeeee...hhhhhhhhhhhh...eeeee.. Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ---------------------------------------------------------------ADH_ZINC       ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 2dfv C   3 EKmVAImKTKPGYGAELVEVDVPKPGPGEVLIKVLATSICGTDLHIYEWNEWAQSRIKPPQImGHEVAGEVVEIGPGVEGIEVGDYVSVETHIVCGKCYACRRGQYHVCQNTKIFGVDTDGVFAEYAVVPAQNIWKNPKSIPPEYATLQEPLGNAVDTVLAGPISGKSVLITGAGPLGLLGIAVAKASGAYPVIVSEPSDFRRELAKKVGADYVINPFEEDVVKEVmDITDGNGVDVFLEFSGAPKALEQGLQAVTPAGRVSLLGLYPGKVTIDFNNLIIFKALTIYGITGRHLWETWYTVSRLLQSGKLNLDPIITHKYKGFDKYEEAFELmRAGKTGKVVFmLK 348
                              |   | 12        22        32        42        52        62  |     72        82        92       102       112       122       132       142       152       162       172       182       192       202       212       222      |232       242       252       262       272       282       292       302       312       322       332  |    342   |  
                              |   |                                                      65-MSE                                                                                                                                                             229-MSE                                                                                                   335-MSE    346-MSE
                              5-MSE                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                  9-MSE                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

   Legend:   → Mismatch (orange background)
  - → Gap (green background, '-', border residues have a numbering label)
    → Modified Residue (blue background, lower-case, 'x' indicates undefined single-letter code, labelled with number + name)
  x → Chemical Group (purple background, 'x', labelled with number + name, e.g. ACE or NH2)
  extra numbering lines below/above indicate numbering irregularities and modified residue names etc., number ends below/above '|'

 Classification and Annotation

(-) SCOP Domains  (0, 0)

(no "SCOP Domain" information available for 2DFV)

(-) CATH Domains  (0, 0)

(no "CATH Domain" information available for 2DFV)

(-) Pfam Domains  (0, 0)

(no "Pfam Domain" information available for 2DFV)

(-) Gene Ontology  (13, 13)

Asymmetric Unit(hide GO term definitions)
Chain A,B,C   (TDH_PYRHO | O58389)
molecular function
    GO:0008743    L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase activity    Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonine + NAD(+) = aminoacetone + CO(2) + NADH.
    GO:0070403    NAD+ binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the oxidized form, NAD, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions.
    GO:0070401    NADP+ binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the oxidized form, NADP+, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions.
    GO:0016597    amino acid binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
    GO:0046872    metal ion binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion.
    GO:0016491    oxidoreductase activity    Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.
    GO:0008270    zinc ion binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions.
biological process
    GO:0019518    L-threonine catabolic process to glycine    The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-threonine (the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid) to form to form 2-amino-3-oxobutanoate, which is subsequently converted to glycine.
    GO:0055114    oxidation-reduction process    A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons.
    GO:0051289    protein homotetramerization    The formation of a protein homotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical subunits.
    GO:0006567    threonine catabolic process    The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
    GO:0006566    threonine metabolic process    The chemical reactions and pathways involving threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
cellular component
    GO:0005737    cytoplasm    All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

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 Related Entries

(-) Entries Sharing at Least One Protein Chain (UniProt ID)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
        TDH_PYRHO | O583892d8a

(-) Related Entries Specified in the PDB File

(no "Related Entries Specified in the PDB File" available for 2DFV)