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(-) Description

Title :  GLUCOSE OXIDASE FROM PENICILLIUM AMAGASAKIENSE
 
Authors :  J. Hendle, H. M. Kalisz, H. J. Hecht
Date :  24 Mar 99  (Deposition) - 06 May 99  (Release) - 13 Jul 11  (Revision)
Method :  X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Resolution :  1.80
Chains :  Asym./Biol. Unit :  A,B
Keywords :  Oxidoreductase(Flavoprotein) (Keyword Search: [Gene Ontology, PubMed, Web (Google)] )
 
Reference :  G. Wohlfahrt, S. Witt, J. Hendle, D. Schomburg, H. M. Kalisz, H. J. Hech
1. 8 And 1. 9 A Resolution Structures Of The Penicillium Amagasakiense And Aspergillus Niger Glucose Oxidases As A Basis For Modelling Substrate Complexes.
Acta Crystallogr. , Sect. D V. 55 969 1999
PubMed-ID: 10216293  |  Reference-DOI: 10.1107/S0907444999003431

(-) Compounds

Molecule 1 - PROTEIN (GLUCOSE OXIDASE)
    Chains: A, B
    EC Number: 1.1.3.4
    Organism Scientific: PENICILLIUM AMAGASAKIENSE
    Organism Taxid: 63559

 Structural Features

(-) Chains, Units

  12
Asymmetric/Biological Unit : AB

Summary Information (see also Sequences/Alignments below)

(-) Ligands, Modified Residues, Ions  (4, 20)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit (4, 20)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1BMA2Ligand/IonBETA-D-MANNOSE
2FAD2Ligand/IonFLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE
3MAN4Ligand/IonALPHA-D-MANNOSE
4NAG12Ligand/IonN-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE

(-) Sites  (20, 20)

Asymmetric Unit (20, 20)
No.NameEvidenceResiduesDescription
01AC1SOFTWAREASN A:93 , GLN A:513 , NAG A:605 , HOH A:911 , ASN B:497 , HOH B:968BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAG A 601
02AC2SOFTWARENAG A:601 , BMA A:606 , ARG B:341 , THR B:492 , GLY B:495 , TYR B:496BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAG A 605
03AC3SOFTWARENAG A:605 , MAN A:607 , ARG B:341 , GLY B:490 , GLU B:491 , TYR B:496BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE BMA A 606
04AC4SOFTWAREBMA A:606 , MAN A:608 , PHE B:488 , GLU B:491 , TYR B:496 , GLN B:500BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE MAN A 607
05AC5SOFTWAREMAN A:607 , TYR B:496BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE MAN A 608
06AC6SOFTWAREPHE A:141 , ASN A:165 , THR A:167 , CYS A:168 , GLN A:206 , CYS A:210 , HOH A:777 , HOH A:780 , HOH A:831 , HOH A:935 , VAL B:129 , GLY B:131 , VAL B:398 , HOH B:786 , HOH B:841 , HOH B:965BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAG A 602
07AC7SOFTWAREGLY A:201 , ARG A:214 , ASN A:357 , THR A:359 , GLU A:360 , LEU A:407 , ASP A:411 , NAG A:613 , HOH A:949BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAG A 603
08AC8SOFTWARENAG A:603BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAG A 613
09AC9SOFTWAREALA A:155 , ASN A:392 , ALA A:395 , GLU A:531 , LEU A:532 , HOH A:915 , HOH B:721 , HOH B:954BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAG A 604
10BC1SOFTWAREASN A:497 , ASN B:93 , GLN B:513 , NAG B:605 , HOH B:940BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAG B 601
11BC2SOFTWAREARG A:341 , GLU A:491 , THR A:492 , GLY A:495 , TYR A:496 , NAG B:601 , BMA B:606BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAG B 605
12BC3SOFTWAREARG A:341 , GLY A:490 , GLU A:491 , TYR A:496 , NAG B:605 , MAN B:607BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE BMA B 606
13BC4SOFTWAREPHE A:488 , GLU A:491 , TYR A:496 , GLN A:500 , BMA B:606 , MAN B:608BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE MAN B 607
14BC5SOFTWAREMAN B:607BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE MAN B 608
15BC6SOFTWARELYS A:128 , VAL A:129 , GLY A:131 , VAL A:398 , LEU A:532 , ASN B:165 , THR B:167 , CYS B:168 , GLN B:206 , ASP B:207 , CYS B:210 , HOH B:721 , HOH B:783 , HOH B:902 , HOH B:948BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAG B 602
16BC7SOFTWAREGLY B:201 , ARG B:214 , ASN B:357 , THR B:359 , GLU B:360 , LEU B:407 , ASP B:411 , NAG B:613BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAG B 603
17BC8SOFTWARENAG B:603BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAG B 613
18BC9SOFTWARELYS A:120 , ALA B:155 , ASN B:392 , ALA B:395 , GLU B:531 , LEU B:532 , HOH B:786 , HOH B:983BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE NAG B 604
19CC1SOFTWAREGLY A:31 , GLY A:33 , LEU A:34 , THR A:35 , ILE A:54 , GLU A:55 , LYS A:56 , TYR A:73 , GLN A:83 , LYS A:99 , GLY A:101 , LYS A:102 , GLY A:103 , GLY A:106 , SER A:107 , THR A:108 , ASN A:111 , GLY A:112 , ASP A:113 , SER A:114 , MET A:253 , VAL A:254 , ALA A:292 , ALA A:293 , ILE A:297 , TRP A:450 , TRP A:519 , HIS A:520 , ASP A:552 , GLY A:553 , HIS A:563 , VAL A:564 , MET A:565 , PHE A:568 , HOH A:614 , HOH A:616 , HOH A:644 , HOH A:706 , HOH A:714 , HOH A:837 , HOH A:891BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE FAD A 600
20CC2SOFTWAREGLY B:31 , GLY B:33 , LEU B:34 , THR B:35 , ILE B:54 , GLU B:55 , LYS B:56 , TYR B:73 , GLN B:83 , LYS B:99 , GLY B:101 , LYS B:102 , GLY B:103 , GLY B:106 , SER B:107 , THR B:108 , ASN B:111 , GLY B:112 , ASP B:113 , SER B:114 , MET B:253 , VAL B:254 , ALA B:292 , ALA B:293 , ILE B:297 , TRP B:450 , TRP B:519 , HIS B:520 , ASP B:552 , GLY B:553 , HIS B:563 , VAL B:564 , MET B:565 , PHE B:568 , HOH B:619 , HOH B:621 , HOH B:627 , HOH B:686 , HOH B:712 , HOH B:775 , HOH B:782 , HOH B:824BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE FAD B 600

(-) SS Bonds  (2, 2)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit
No.Residues
1A:168 -A:210
2B:168 -B:210

(-) Cis Peptide Bonds  (2, 2)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit
No.Residues
1Leu A:493 -Pro A:494
2Leu B:493 -Pro B:494

 Sequence-Structure Mapping

(-) SAPs(SNPs)/Variants  (0, 0)

(no "SAP(SNP)/Variant" information available for 1GPE)

(-) PROSITE Motifs  (2, 4)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit (2, 4)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1GMC_OXRED_1PS00623 GMC oxidoreductases signature 1.GOX_PENAG101-124
 		  2A:101-124
B:101-124
2GMC_OXRED_2PS00624 GMC oxidoreductases signature 2.GOX_PENAG294-308
 		  2A:294-308
B:294-308

(-) Exons   (0, 0)

(no "Exon" information available for 1GPE)

(-) Sequences/Alignments

Asymmetric/Biological Unit
   Reformat: Number of residues per line =  ('0' or empty: single-line sequence representation)
  Number of residues per labelling interval =   
  UniProt sequence: complete  aligned part    
   Show mapping: SCOP domains CATH domains Pfam domains Secondary structure (by author)
SAPs(SNPs) PROSITE motifs Exons
(details for a mapped element are shown in a popup box when the mouse pointer rests over it) 
Chain A from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:587
 aligned with GOX_PENAG | P81156 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:587

    Alignment length:587
                                    10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80        90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160       170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240       250       260       270       280       290       300       310       320       330       340       350       360       370       380       390       400       410       420       430       440       450       460       470       480       490       500       510       520       530       540       550       560       570       580       
            GOX_PENAG     1 YLPAQQIDVQSSLLSDPSKVAGKTYDYIIAGGGLTGLTVAAKLTENPKIKVLVIEKGFYESNDGAIIEDPNAYGQIFGTTVDQNYLTVPLINNRTNNIKAGKGLGGSTLINGDSWTRPDKVQIDSWEKVFGMEGWNWDNMFEYMKKAEAARTPTAAQLAAGHSFNATCHGTNGTVQSGARDNGQPWSPIMKALMNTVSALGVPVQQDFLCGHPRGVSMIMNNLDENQVRVDAARAWLLPNYQRSNLEILTGQMVGKVLFKQTASGPQAVGVNFGTNKAVNFDVFAKHEVLLAAGSAISPLILEYSGIGLKSVLDQANVTQLLDLPVGINMQDQTTTTVSSRASSAGAGQGQAVFFANFTETFGDYAPQARDLLNTKLDQWAEETVARGGFHNVTALKVQYENYRNWLLDEDVAFAELFMDTEGKINFDLWDLIPFTRGSVHILSSDPYLWQFANDPKFFLNEFDLLGQAAASKLARDLTSQGAMKEYFAGETLPGYNLVQNATLSQWSDYVLQNFRPNWHAVSSCSMMSRELGGVVDATAKVYGTQGLRVIDGSIPPTQVSSHVMTIFYGMALKVADAILDDYAKSA 587
               SCOP domains d1gpea1 A:1-328,A:525-587 Glucose oxidase                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               d1gpea2 A:329-524 Glucose oxidase                                                                                                                                                                   d1gpea1 A:1-328,A:525-587 Glucose oxidase                       SCOP domains
               CATH domains -------1gpeA01  [code=3.50.50.60, no name defined]       1gpeA02                      ----------1gpeA02          1gpeA03 A:114-221,A:329-438,A:456-522,A:558-574 Glucose Oxidase, domain 3                                   1gpeA02           1gpeA01 A:8-57,A:240-328,A:439-455,A:523-557,A:575-587                                   1gpeA03 A:114-221,A:329-438,A:456-522,A:558-574 Glucose Oxidase, domain 3                                     1gpeA01          1gpeA03 A:114-221,A:329-438,A:456-522,A:558-574                    1gpeA01                            1gpeA03          1gpeA01       CATH domains
               Pfam domains ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author .........hhh....hhh.......eeee...hhhhhhhhhhhh.....eeeee.........hhhh.hhh.................................hhhh..........hhhhhhhhh........hhhhhhhhhh.eee....hhhhhh.....hhh......eee...........hhhhhhhhhhhh..............eee..............hhhhh.........eeeee..eeeeeeeeee..eeee.eeeeeee..eeeeee...eeee......hhhhhhh.....hhhhhhh..................eeeeeee..hhh....eeeeeeehhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhhhh......hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...eeeeeeee...eeeeeeee.......eeee....hhh..eeee......hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.hhhhhh.......hhh......hhhhhhhhhh................hhh...............eee..............hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.. Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GMC_OXRED_1             -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GMC_OXRED_2    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 1gpe A   1 YLPAQQIDVQSSLLSDPSKVAGKTYDYIIAGGGLTGLTVAAKLTENPKIKVLVIEKGFYESNDGAIIEDPNAYGQIFGTTVDQNYLTVPLINNRTNNIKAGKGLGGSTLINGDSWTRPDKVQIDSWEKVFGMEGWNWDNMFEYMKKAEAARTPTAAQLAAGHSFNATCHGTNGTVQSGARDNGQPWSPIMKALMNTVSALGVPVQQDFLCGHPRGVSMIMNNLDENQVRVDAARAWLLPNYQRSNLEILTGQMVGKVLFKQTASGPQAVGVNFGTNKAVNFDVFAKHEVLLAAGSAISPLILEYSGIGLKSVLDQANVTQLLDLPVGINMQDQTTTTVSSRASSAGAGQGQAVFFANFTETFGDYAPQARDLLNTKLDQWAEETVARGGFHNVTALKVQYENYRNWLLDEDVAFAELFMDTEGKINFDLWDLIPFTRGSVHILSSDPYLWQFANDPKFFLNEFDLLGQAAASKLARDLTSQGAMKEYFAGETLPGYNLVQNATLSQWSDYVLQNFRPNWHAVSSCSMMSRELGGVVDATAKVYGTQGLRVIDGSIPPTQVSSHVMTIFYGMALKVADAILDDYAKSA 587
                                    10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80        90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160       170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240       250       260       270       280       290       300       310       320       330       340       350       360       370       380       390       400       410       420       430       440       450       460       470       480       490       500       510       520       530       540       550       560       570       580       


Chain B from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:587
 aligned with GOX_PENAG | P81156 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:587

    Alignment length:587
                                    10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80        90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160       170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240       250       260       270       280       290       300       310       320       330       340       350       360       370       380       390       400       410       420       430       440       450       460       470       480       490       500       510       520       530       540       550       560       570       580       
            GOX_PENAG     1 YLPAQQIDVQSSLLSDPSKVAGKTYDYIIAGGGLTGLTVAAKLTENPKIKVLVIEKGFYESNDGAIIEDPNAYGQIFGTTVDQNYLTVPLINNRTNNIKAGKGLGGSTLINGDSWTRPDKVQIDSWEKVFGMEGWNWDNMFEYMKKAEAARTPTAAQLAAGHSFNATCHGTNGTVQSGARDNGQPWSPIMKALMNTVSALGVPVQQDFLCGHPRGVSMIMNNLDENQVRVDAARAWLLPNYQRSNLEILTGQMVGKVLFKQTASGPQAVGVNFGTNKAVNFDVFAKHEVLLAAGSAISPLILEYSGIGLKSVLDQANVTQLLDLPVGINMQDQTTTTVSSRASSAGAGQGQAVFFANFTETFGDYAPQARDLLNTKLDQWAEETVARGGFHNVTALKVQYENYRNWLLDEDVAFAELFMDTEGKINFDLWDLIPFTRGSVHILSSDPYLWQFANDPKFFLNEFDLLGQAAASKLARDLTSQGAMKEYFAGETLPGYNLVQNATLSQWSDYVLQNFRPNWHAVSSCSMMSRELGGVVDATAKVYGTQGLRVIDGSIPPTQVSSHVMTIFYGMALKVADAILDDYAKSA 587
               SCOP domains d1gpeb1 B:1-328,B:525-587 Glucose oxidase                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               d1gpeb2 B:329-524 Glucose oxidase                                                                                                                                                                   d1gpeb1 B:1-328,B:525-587 Glucose oxidase                       SCOP domains
               CATH domains -------1gpeB01  [code=3.50.50.60, no name defined]       1gpeB02                      ----------1gpeB02          1gpeB03 B:114-221,B:329-438,B:456-522,B:558-574 Glucose Oxidase, domain 3                                   1gpeB02           1gpeB01 B:8-57,B:240-328,B:439-455,B:523-557,B:575-587                                   1gpeB03 B:114-221,B:329-438,B:456-522,B:558-574 Glucose Oxidase, domain 3                                     1gpeB01          1gpeB03 B:114-221,B:329-438,B:456-522,B:558-574                    1gpeB01                            1gpeB03          1gpeB01       CATH domains
               Pfam domains ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author .........hhh....hhh.......eeee...hhhhhhhhhhhh.....eeeee.........hhhh.hhh.................................hhhh..........hhhhhhhhh........hhhhhhhhhhheee....hhhhhh.....hhh......eee...........hhhhhhhhhhhh..............eee..............hhhhh.........eeeee..eeeeeeeeee..eeee.eeeeeee..eeeeee...eeee......hhhhhhh.....hhhhhh...................eeeeeee..hhh....eeeeeeehhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhhhh......hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh...eeeeeeee...eeeeeeee.......eeee....hhh..eeee......hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.hhhhhh.......hhh......hhhhhhhhhh................hhh...............eee..............hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh... Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GMC_OXRED_1             -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GMC_OXRED_2    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE
                 Transcript ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transcript
                 1gpe B   1 YLPAQQIDVQSSLLSDPSKVAGKTYDYIIAGGGLTGLTVAAKLTENPKIKVLVIEKGFYESNDGAIIEDPNAYGQIFGTTVDQNYLTVPLINNRTNNIKAGKGLGGSTLINGDSWTRPDKVQIDSWEKVFGMEGWNWDNMFEYMKKAEAARTPTAAQLAAGHSFNATCHGTNGTVQSGARDNGQPWSPIMKALMNTVSALGVPVQQDFLCGHPRGVSMIMNNLDENQVRVDAARAWLLPNYQRSNLEILTGQMVGKVLFKQTASGPQAVGVNFGTNKAVNFDVFAKHEVLLAAGSAISPLILEYSGIGLKSVLDQANVTQLLDLPVGINMQDQTTTTVSSRASSAGAGQGQAVFFANFTETFGDYAPQARDLLNTKLDQWAEETVARGGFHNVTALKVQYENYRNWLLDEDVAFAELFMDTEGKINFDLWDLIPFTRGSVHILSSDPYLWQFANDPKFFLNEFDLLGQAAASKLARDLTSQGAMKEYFAGETLPGYNLVQNATLSQWSDYVLQNFRPNWHAVSSCSMMSRELGGVVDATAKVYGTQGLRVIDGSIPPTQVSSHVMTIFYGMALKVADAILDDYAKSA 587
                                    10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80        90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160       170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240       250       260       270       280       290       300       310       320       330       340       350       360       370       380       390       400       410       420       430       440       450       460       470       480       490       500       510       520       530       540       550       560       570       580
   Legend:   → Mismatch (orange background)
  - → Gap (green background, '-', border residues have a numbering label)
    → Modified Residue (blue background, lower-case, 'x' indicates undefined single-letter code, labelled with number + name)
  x → Chemical Group (purple background, 'x', labelled with number + name, e.g. ACE or NH2)
  extra numbering lines below/above indicate numbering irregularities and modified residue names etc., number ends below/above '|'

 Classification and Annotation

(-) SCOP Domains  (2, 4)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit
(-)
Class: Alpha and beta proteins (a+b) (23004)
(-)
Class: Alpha and beta proteins (a/b) (23833)

(-) CATH Domains  (3, 6)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit
(-)
Class: Alpha Beta (26913)
(-)
Architecture: 2-Layer Sandwich (8480)
(-)
Topology: Glucose Oxidase; domain 3 (3)
(-)
Homologous Superfamily: Glucose Oxidase, domain 3 (3)
(-)
Penicillium amagasakiense. Organism_taxid: 63559 (1)
1a1gpeA03A:114-221,A:329-438,A:456-522,A:558-574
1b1gpeB03B:114-221,B:329-438,B:456-522,B:558-574
(-)
Architecture: 3-Layer(bba) Sandwich (528)
(-)
Topology: FAD/NAD(P)-binding domain (373)
(-)
Homologous Superfamily: [code=3.50.50.60, no name defined] (373)
(-)
Penicillium amagasakiense. Organism_taxid: 63559 (1)
2a1gpeA01A:8-57,A:240-328,A:439-455,A:523-557,A:575-587
2b1gpeB01B:8-57,B:240-328,B:439-455,B:523-557,B:575-587
(-)
Class: Few Secondary Structures (1120)

(-) Pfam Domains  (0, 0)

(no "Pfam Domain" information available for 1GPE)

(-) Gene Ontology  (6, 6)

Asymmetric/Biological Unit(hide GO term definitions)
Chain A,B   (GOX_PENAG | P81156)
molecular function
    GO:0050660    flavin adenine dinucleotide binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with FAD, flavin-adenine dinucleotide, the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in either the oxidized form, FAD, or the reduced form, FADH2.
    GO:0046562    glucose oxidase activity    Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-glucose + O2 = D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H2O2.
    GO:0016491    oxidoreductase activity    Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.
    GO:0016614    oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors    Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group act as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
biological process
    GO:0055114    oxidation-reduction process    A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons.
cellular component
    GO:0005576    extracellular region    The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

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