molecular function |
| GO:0005125 | | cytokine activity | | Functions to control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells. |
| GO:0031707 | | endothelin A receptor binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an endothelin A receptor. |
| GO:0031708 | | endothelin B receptor binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an endothelin B receptor. |
| GO:0005179 | | hormone activity | | The action characteristic of a hormone, any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. The term was originally applied to agents with a stimulatory physiological action in vertebrate animals (as opposed to a chalone, which has a depressant action). Usage is now extended to regulatory compounds in lower animals and plants, and to synthetic substances having comparable effects; all bind receptors and trigger some biological process. |
| GO:0005515 | | protein binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). |
| GO:0005102 | | receptor binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. |
biological process |
| GO:0007186 | | G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway | | A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576). |
| GO:0014824 | | artery smooth muscle contraction | | A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the artery. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The artery is a vessel carrying blood away from the heart. |
| GO:0048514 | | blood vessel morphogenesis | | The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood. |
| GO:0007589 | | body fluid secretion | | The controlled release of a fluid by a cell or tissue in an animal. |
| GO:0001569 | | branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis | | The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system. |
| GO:0019722 | | calcium-mediated signaling | | Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via calcium ions. |
| GO:0051216 | | cartilage development | | The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. |
| GO:0016049 | | cell growth | | The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present. |
| GO:0007166 | | cell surface receptor signaling pathway | | A series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |
| GO:0007267 | | cell-cell signaling | | Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions. |
| GO:0071277 | | cellular response to calcium ion | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus. |
| GO:0035690 | | cellular response to drug | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease. |
| GO:0071398 | | cellular response to fatty acid | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fatty acid stimulus. |
| GO:0071385 | | cellular response to glucocorticoid stimulus | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects. |
| GO:0071456 | | cellular response to hypoxia | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. |
| GO:0071346 | | cellular response to interferon-gamma | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far. |
| GO:0071347 | | cellular response to interleukin-1 | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus. |
| GO:0071389 | | cellular response to mineralocorticoid stimulus | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mineralocorticoid stimulus. Mineralocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol and characterized by their similarity to aldosterone. Mineralocorticoids act primarily on water and electrolyte balance. |
| GO:0071375 | | cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals. |
| GO:0071560 | | cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus. |
| GO:0071356 | | cellular response to tumor necrosis factor | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus. |
| GO:0009953 | | dorsal/ventral pattern formation | | The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism. |
| GO:0042045 | | epithelial fluid transport | | The directed movement of fluid across epithelia. |
| GO:0015758 | | glucose transport | | The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. |
| GO:0007507 | | heart development | | The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. |
| GO:0001821 | | histamine secretion | | The regulated release of histamine by a cell or tissue. It is formed by decarboxylation of histidine and it acts through receptors in smooth muscle and in secretory systems. |
| GO:0001701 | | in utero embryonic development | | The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. |
| GO:0048016 | | inositol phosphate-mediated signaling | | Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via an inositol phosphate. Includes production of the inositol phosphate, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. Inositol phosphates are a group of mono- to poly-phosphorylated inositols, and include inositol monophosphate (IP), inositol trisphosphate (IP3), inositol pentakisphosphate (IP5) and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6). |
| GO:0035556 | | intracellular signal transduction | | The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. |
| GO:0045321 | | leukocyte activation | | A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. |
| GO:0060137 | | maternal process involved in parturition | | A reproductive process occurring in the mother that results in birth. |
| GO:0051899 | | membrane depolarization | | The process in which membrane potential decreases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more positive potential. For example, the initial depolarization during the rising phase of an action potential is in the direction from the negative steady-state resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential. |
| GO:0042474 | | middle ear morphogenesis | | The process in which the anatomical structures of the middle ear are generated and organized. The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window). |
| GO:0010259 | | multicellular organism aging | | An aging process that has as participant a whole multicellular organism. Multicellular organism aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Multicellular organisms aging includes processes like cellular senescence and organ senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death (GO:0016265) of an organism and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700). |
| GO:0030195 | | negative regulation of blood coagulation | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation. |
| GO:0030818 | | negative regulation of cAMP biosynthetic process | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate). |
| GO:0032269 | | negative regulation of cellular protein metabolic process | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell. |
| GO:0046888 | | negative regulation of hormone secretion | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell. |
| GO:0051771 | | negative regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nitric-oxide synthase enzyme. |
| GO:0034392 | | negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. |
| GO:0000122 | | negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. |
| GO:0014032 | | neural crest cell development | | The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. |
| GO:0030593 | | neutrophil chemotaxis | | The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding. |
| GO:0030185 | | nitric oxide transport | | The directed movement of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. |
| GO:0030072 | | peptide hormone secretion | | The regulated release of a peptide hormone from a cell. |
| GO:0014065 | | phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling | | A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions. |
| GO:0031583 | | phospholipase D-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway | | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase D (PLD) and a subsequent increase in cellular levels of phosphatidic acid (PA). |
| GO:0043507 | | positive regulation of JUN kinase activity | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity. |
| GO:0043406 | | positive regulation of MAP kinase activity | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity. |
| GO:0010613 | | positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy | | Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division. |
| GO:0030335 | | positive regulation of cell migration | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. |
| GO:0008284 | | positive regulation of cell proliferation | | Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| GO:0045793 | | positive regulation of cell size | | Any process that increases cell size. |
| GO:0070101 | | positive regulation of chemokine-mediated signaling pathway | | Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of a chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor. |
| GO:0007204 | | positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration | | Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol. |
| GO:0051482 | | positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled signaling pathway | | Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol that occurs as part of a PLC-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway. G-protein-activated PLC hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol-bisphosphate (PIP2) to release diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3). IP3 then binds to calcium release channels in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to trigger calcium ion release into the cytosol. |
| GO:0010595 | | positive regulation of endothelial cell migration | | Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium. |
| GO:0010460 | | positive regulation of heart rate | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency or rate of heart contraction. |
| GO:0046887 | | positive regulation of hormone secretion | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell. |
| GO:0045840 | | positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis. |
| GO:0045429 | | positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide. |
| GO:0042482 | | positive regulation of odontogenesis | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth. |
| GO:0032308 | | positive regulation of prostaglandin secretion | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a prostaglandin from a cell. |
| GO:0060585 | | positive regulation of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity | | Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + donor-H2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + acceptor + H2O. |
| GO:0010870 | | positive regulation of receptor biosynthetic process | | Any process that increases the frequency or rate of receptor biosynthesis. Receptor biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. |
| GO:0035815 | | positive regulation of renal sodium excretion | | Any process that increases the amount of sodium excreted in urine over a unit of time. |
| GO:0060298 | | positive regulation of sarcomere organization | | Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. |
| GO:0048661 | | positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation | | Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. |
| GO:0045987 | | positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction. |
| GO:0045944 | | positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. |
| GO:0035810 | | positive regulation of urine volume | | Any process that increases the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time. |
| GO:0001516 | | prostaglandin biosynthetic process | | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring. |
| GO:0042313 | | protein kinase C deactivation | | Any process resulting in the inhibition or termination of the activity of protein kinase C. |
| GO:0007205 | | protein kinase C-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway | | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is activated by second messengers including diacylglycerol (DAG). |
| GO:0008217 | | regulation of blood pressure | | Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure. |
| GO:0050880 | | regulation of blood vessel size | | Any process that modulates the size of blood vessels. |
| GO:0006885 | | regulation of pH | | Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions, thereby modulating the internal pH, within an organism or cell. |
| GO:0051930 | | regulation of sensory perception of pain | | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. |
| GO:0003100 | | regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by endothelin | | The process in which endothelin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. Endothelin is a hormone that is released by the endothelium, and it is a vasoconstrictor. |
| GO:0019229 | | regulation of vasoconstriction | | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels. |
| GO:0007585 | | respiratory gaseous exchange | | The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. |
| GO:0014823 | | response to activity | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an activity stimulus. |
| GO:0043200 | | response to amino acid | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups. |
| GO:0071548 | | response to dexamethasone | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dexamethasone stimulus. |
| GO:0042493 | | response to drug | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease. |
| GO:0001666 | | response to hypoxia | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. |
| GO:0044321 | | response to leptin | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leptin stimulus. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body. It plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism]. |
| GO:0032496 | | response to lipopolysaccharide | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. |
| GO:0035994 | | response to muscle stretch | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a myofibril being extended beyond its slack length. |
| GO:0035094 | | response to nicotine | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nicotine stimulus. |
| GO:0010193 | | response to ozone | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ozone stimulus. |
| GO:0034696 | | response to prostaglandin F | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin F stimulus. |
| GO:1902074 | | response to salt | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a salt stimulus. |
| GO:0033574 | | response to testosterone | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a testosterone stimulus. |
| GO:0071559 | | response to transforming growth factor beta | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus. |
| GO:0043179 | | rhythmic excitation | | Any process involved in the generation of rhythmic, synchronous excitatory synaptic inputs in a neural circuit. |
| GO:0019233 | | sensory perception of pain | | The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances. This is a neurological process. |
| GO:0001501 | | skeletal system development | | The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton). |
| GO:0042554 | | superoxide anion generation | | The enzymatic generation of superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species, by a cell in response to environmental stress, thereby mediating the activation of various stress-inducible signaling pathways. |
| GO:0042310 | | vasoconstriction | | A decrease in the diameter of blood vessels, especially arteries, due to constriction of smooth muscle cells that line the vessels, and usually causing an increase in blood pressure. |
| GO:0014826 | | vein smooth muscle contraction | | A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the vein. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The vein is a vessel carrying blood away from the capillary beds. |
cellular component |
| GO:0033093 | | Weibel-Palade body | | A large, elongated, rod-shaped secretory granule characteristic of vascular endothelial cells that contain a number of structurally and functionally distinct proteins, of which the best characterized are von Willebrand factor (VWF) and P-selectin. Weibel-Palade bodies are formed from the trans-Golgi network in a process that depends on VWF, which is densely packed in a highly organized manner, and on coat proteins that remain associated with the granules. Upon cell stimulation, regulated exocytosis releases the contained proteins to the cell surface, where they act in the recruitment of platelets and leukocytes and in inflammatory and vasoactive responses. |
| GO:0045178 | | basal part of cell | | The region of a cell situated near the base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the basal surface rests on the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue. |
| GO:0005737 | | cytoplasm | | All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. |
| GO:0005576 | | extracellular region | | The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. |
| GO:0005615 | | extracellular space | | That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. |
| GO:0048237 | | rough endoplasmic reticulum lumen | | The volume enclosed by the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. |