molecular function |
| GO:0003677 | | DNA binding | | Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). |
| GO:0005096 | | GTPase activator activity | | Binds to and increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP. |
| GO:0071837 | | HMG box domain binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an HMG box domain, a protein domain that consists of three helices in an irregular array. HMG-box domains are found in one or more copies in HMG-box proteins, which form a large, diverse family involved in the regulation of DNA-dependent processes such as transcription, replication, and strand repair, all of which require the bending and unwinding of chromatin. |
| GO:0070412 | | R-SMAD binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a receptor-regulated SMAD signaling protein. |
| GO:0001102 | | RNA polymerase II activating transcription factor binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription activating factor, a protein involved in positive regulation of transcription. |
| GO:0000978 | | RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II. |
| GO:0000980 | | RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a RNA polymerase II (Pol II) distal enhancer. In mammalian cells, enhancers are distal sequences that increase the utilization of some promoters, and can function in either orientation and in any location (upstream or downstream) relative to the core promoter. |
| GO:0000981 | | RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. |
| GO:0033613 | | activating transcription factor binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an activating transcription factor, any protein whose activity is required to initiate or upregulate transcription. |
| GO:0035497 | | cAMP response element binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the cyclic AMP response element (CRE), a short palindrome-containing sequence found in the promoters of genes whose expression is regulated in response to cyclic AMP. |
| GO:0003682 | | chromatin binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. |
| GO:0003690 | | double-stranded DNA binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded DNA. |
| GO:0019899 | | enzyme binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme. |
| GO:0042802 | | identical protein binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins. |
| GO:0005515 | | protein binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). |
| GO:0046982 | | protein heterodimerization activity | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. |
| GO:0042803 | | protein homodimerization activity | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer. |
| GO:0043565 | | sequence-specific DNA binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. |
| GO:0003713 | | transcription coactivator activity | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a activating transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. |
| GO:0000982 | | transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II. |
| GO:0003705 | | transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in a distal enhancer region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II. |
| GO:0003700 | | transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. |
| GO:0008134 | | transcription factor binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription. |
| GO:0044212 | | transcription regulatory region DNA binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that regulates the transcription of a region of DNA, which may be a gene, cistron, or operon. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors. |
| GO:0001077 | | transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter. |
| GO:0001190 | | transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription factor, which may be a single protein or a complex, in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. A protein binding transcription factor may or may not also interact with the template nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) as well. |
biological process |
| GO:0038095 | | Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway | | A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the Fc portion of immunoglobulin E (IgE) to an Fc-epsilon receptor on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region. |
| GO:0007265 | | Ras protein signal transduction | | A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. |
| GO:0007184 | | SMAD protein import into nucleus | | The directed movement of a SMAD proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways. |
| GO:0060395 | | SMAD protein signal transduction | | The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the activity of a SMAD protein, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell. |
| GO:0007568 | | aging | | A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700). |
| GO:0001525 | | angiogenesis | | Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. |
| GO:0031103 | | axon regeneration | | The regrowth of axons following their loss or damage. |
| GO:0009987 | | cellular process | | Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. |
| GO:0071277 | | cellular response to calcium ion | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus. |
| GO:0032870 | | cellular response to hormone stimulus | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus. |
| GO:0051365 | | cellular response to potassium ion starvation | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of potassium ions. |
| GO:0007623 | | circadian rhythm | | Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. |
| GO:0061029 | | eyelid development in camera-type eye | | The progression of the eyelid in a camera-type eye from its formation to the mature state. The eyelid is a membranous cover that helps protect and lubricate the eye. |
| GO:0035026 | | leading edge cell differentiation | | The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of leading edge cells, cells at the front of a migrating epithelial sheet. |
| GO:0007612 | | learning | | Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience. |
| GO:0001889 | | liver development | | The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes. |
| GO:0051899 | | membrane depolarization | | The process in which membrane potential decreases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more positive potential. For example, the initial depolarization during the rising phase of an action potential is in the direction from the negative steady-state resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential. |
| GO:0001774 | | microglial cell activation | | The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. |
| GO:0030224 | | monocyte differentiation | | The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a monocyte. |
| GO:0043922 | | negative regulation by host of viral transcription | | Any process in which a host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription. |
| GO:0043392 | | negative regulation of DNA binding | | Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). |
| GO:0043066 | | negative regulation of apoptotic process | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. |
| GO:0008285 | | negative regulation of cell proliferation | | Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| GO:0043524 | | negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. |
| GO:0031953 | | negative regulation of protein autophosphorylation | | Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues. |
| GO:1990441 | | negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of an endoplasmic reticulum stress. |
| GO:0045892 | | negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
| GO:0003151 | | outflow tract morphogenesis | | The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries. |
| GO:0043923 | | positive regulation by host of viral transcription | | Any process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription, the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA. |
| GO:0045740 | | positive regulation of DNA replication | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication. |
| GO:2000144 | | positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription, initiation | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated transcription initiation. |
| GO:0070374 | | positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. |
| GO:0043547 | | positive regulation of GTPase activity | | Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. |
| GO:0043065 | | positive regulation of apoptotic process | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. |
| GO:0045597 | | positive regulation of cell differentiation | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. |
| GO:0008284 | | positive regulation of cell proliferation | | Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| GO:0001938 | | positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation | | Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation. |
| GO:0010634 | | positive regulation of epithelial cell migration | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration. |
| GO:0048146 | | positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. |
| GO:0045657 | | positive regulation of monocyte differentiation | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation. |
| GO:0043525 | | positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process. |
| GO:1902895 | | positive regulation of pri-miRNA transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pri-miRNA transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter. |
| GO:0048661 | | positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation | | Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. |
| GO:0045944 | | positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. |
| GO:0045893 | | positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
| GO:0051726 | | regulation of cell cycle | | Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. |
| GO:0010941 | | regulation of cell death | | Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. |
| GO:0042127 | | regulation of cell proliferation | | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| GO:0051090 | | regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity | | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. |
| GO:0006355 | | regulation of transcription, DNA-templated | | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
| GO:0001836 | | release of cytochrome c from mitochondria | | The process that results in the movement of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is part of the apoptotic signaling pathway and leads to caspase activation. |
| GO:0051591 | | response to cAMP | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus. |
| GO:0034097 | | response to cytokine | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus. |
| GO:0042493 | | response to drug | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease. |
| GO:0042542 | | response to hydrogen peroxide | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus. |
| GO:0032496 | | response to lipopolysaccharide | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. |
| GO:0009612 | | response to mechanical stimulus | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus. |
| GO:0035994 | | response to muscle stretch | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a myofibril being extended beyond its slack length. |
| GO:0014070 | | response to organic cyclic compound | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus. |
| GO:0010033 | | response to organic substance | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus. |
| GO:0009314 | | response to radiation | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation. |
| GO:0006366 | | transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter | | The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). |
| GO:0006351 | | transcription, DNA-templated | | The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. |
| GO:0007179 | | transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway | | A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |
cellular component |
| GO:0005829 | | cytosol | | The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. |
| GO:0000790 | | nuclear chromatin | | The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome in the nucleus. |
| GO:0000228 | | nuclear chromosome | | A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact. |
| GO:0005719 | | nuclear euchromatin | | The dispersed less dense form of chromatin in the interphase nucleus. It exists in at least two forms, a some being in the form of transcriptionally active chromatin which is the least condensed, while the rest is inactive euchromatin which is more condensed than active chromatin but less condensed than heterochromatin. |
| GO:0005654 | | nucleoplasm | | That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. |
| GO:0005634 | | nucleus | | A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. |
| GO:0005667 | | transcription factor complex | | A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription. |
| GO:0017053 | | transcriptional repressor complex | | A protein complex that possesses activity that prevents or downregulates transcription. |