molecular function |
| GO:0003677 | | DNA binding | | Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). |
| GO:0097371 | | MDM2/MDM4 family protein binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any isoform of the MDM2/MDM4 protein family, comprising negative regulators of p53. |
| GO:0051059 | | NF-kappaB binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters. |
| GO:0019789 | | SUMO transferase activity | | Catalysis of the transfer of SUMO from one protein to another via the reaction X-SUMO + Y --> Y-SUMO + X, where both X-SUMO and Y-SUMO are covalent linkages. |
| GO:0004861 | | cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitor activity | | Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase. |
| GO:0002039 | | p53 binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one of the p53 family of proteins. |
| GO:0047485 | | protein N-terminus binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein N-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 2-amino (or 2-imino) function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue. |
| GO:0005515 | | protein binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). |
| GO:0019901 | | protein kinase binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate. |
| GO:0003700 | | transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. |
| GO:0008134 | | transcription factor binding | | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription. |
| GO:0055105 | | ubiquitin-protein transferase inhibitor activity | | Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a ubiquitin-protein transferase. |
biological process |
| GO:0000082 | | G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle | | The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated. |
| GO:0006919 | | activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process | | Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process. |
| GO:0007568 | | aging | | A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700). |
| GO:0008637 | | apoptotic mitochondrial changes | | The morphological and physiological alterations undergone by mitochondria during apoptosis. |
| GO:0006915 | | apoptotic process | | A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. |
| GO:0000422 | | autophagy of mitochondrion | | The autophagic process in which mitochondria are delivered to the vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions. |
| GO:0007569 | | cell aging | | An aging process that has as participant a cell after a cell has stopped dividing. Cell aging may occur when a cell has temporarily stopped dividing through cell cycle arrest (GO:0007050) or when a cell has permanently stopped dividing, in which case it is undergoing cellular senescence (GO:0090398). May precede cell death (GO:0008219) and succeed cell maturation (GO:0048469). |
| GO:0007049 | | cell cycle | | The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division. |
| GO:0007050 | | cell cycle arrest | | A regulatory process that halts progression through the cell cycle during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M). |
| GO:0070301 | | cellular response to hydrogen peroxide | | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus. |
| GO:0090398 | | cellular senescence | | A cell aging process stimulated in response to cellular stress, whereby normal cells lose the ability to divide through irreversible cell cycle arrest. |
| GO:0008544 | | epidermis development | | The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species. |
| GO:0042593 | | glucose homeostasis | | Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell. |
| GO:0051882 | | mitochondrial depolarization | | The process in which the potential difference across the mitochondrial membrane is reduced from its steady state level. |
| GO:0030889 | | negative regulation of B cell proliferation | | Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of B cell proliferation. |
| GO:0032088 | | negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. |
| GO:0045786 | | negative regulation of cell cycle | | Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. |
| GO:0030308 | | negative regulation of cell growth | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. |
| GO:0008285 | | negative regulation of cell proliferation | | Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| GO:0001953 | | negative regulation of cell-matrix adhesion | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix. |
| GO:0045736 | | negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity. |
| GO:0033088 | | negative regulation of immature T cell proliferation in thymus | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus. |
| GO:0033600 | | negative regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation | | Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation. |
| GO:0042326 | | negative regulation of phosphorylation | | Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule. |
| GO:0032091 | | negative regulation of protein binding | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. |
| GO:0006469 | | negative regulation of protein kinase activity | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity. |
| GO:2000059 | | negative regulation of protein ubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein ubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. |
| GO:1903051 | | negative regulation of proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process | | Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process. |
| GO:0045892 | | negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
| GO:0051444 | | negative regulation of ubiquitin-protein transferase activity | | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin transferase activity. |
| GO:0043517 | | positive regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator | | Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage. |
| GO:0043065 | | positive regulation of apoptotic process | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. |
| GO:0060058 | | positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in mammary gland involution | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process of mammary epithelial cells during mammary gland involution. |
| GO:0071158 | | positive regulation of cell cycle arrest | | Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cell cycle arrest, the process in which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases. |
| GO:2000774 | | positive regulation of cellular senescence | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence. |
| GO:1900182 | | positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus. |
| GO:0033235 | | positive regulation of protein sumoylation | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein. |
| GO:0051091 | | positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. |
| GO:1901798 | | positive regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by p53 class mediator. |
| GO:0045944 | | positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. |
| GO:0045893 | | positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated | | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
| GO:0070534 | | protein K63-linked ubiquitination | | A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K63-linked ubiquitination does not target the substrate protein for degradation, but is involved in several pathways, notably as a signal to promote error-free DNA postreplication repair. |
| GO:0031648 | | protein destabilization | | Any process that decreases the stability of a protein, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes or aggregation. |
| GO:0000209 | | protein polyubiquitination | | Addition of multiple ubiquitin groups to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain. |
| GO:0050821 | | protein stabilization | | Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation. |
| GO:0006364 | | rRNA processing | | Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules. |
| GO:0009303 | | rRNA transcription | | The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), any RNA that forms part of the ribosomal structure, from a DNA template. |
| GO:0010389 | | regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle | | Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle. |
| GO:1902510 | | regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation | | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation. |
| GO:0000079 | | regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity | | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity. |
| GO:0010468 | | regulation of gene expression | | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. |
| GO:0046822 | | regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport | | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. |
| GO:0046825 | | regulation of protein export from nucleus | | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. |
| GO:0031647 | | regulation of protein stability | | Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein, altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation. |
| GO:1903214 | | regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion | | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to mitochondrion. |
| GO:0006355 | | regulation of transcription, DNA-templated | | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
| GO:0090399 | | replicative senescence | | A cell aging process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to telomere shortening and/or cellular aging. |
| GO:0035986 | | senescence-associated heterochromatin focus assembly | | The assembly of chromatin into senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF), transcriptionally-silent heterochromatin structures present in senescent cells, containing the condensed chromatin of one chromosome, and enriched for histone modifications. Formation of these chromatin structures is thought to repress expression of proliferation-promoting genes. |
| GO:0048103 | | somatic stem cell division | | The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. |
| GO:0035019 | | somatic stem cell population maintenance | | Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. |
| GO:0006351 | | transcription, DNA-templated | | The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. |
cellular component |
| GO:0005737 | | cytoplasm | | All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. |
| GO:0001652 | | granular component | | A structure found in the nucleolus, which contains nearly completed preribosomal particles destined for the cytoplasm. |
| GO:0005739 | | mitochondrion | | A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. |
| GO:0016604 | | nuclear body | | Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins. |
| GO:0005730 | | nucleolus | | A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. |
| GO:0005654 | | nucleoplasm | | That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. |
| GO:0005634 | | nucleus | | A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. |
| GO:0043234 | | protein complex | | A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical. |
| GO:0035985 | | senescence-associated heterochromatin focus | | A transcriptionally-silent heterochromatin structure present in senescent cells. Contains the condensed chromatin of one chromosome and is enriched for histone modifications. Thought to repress expression of proliferation-promoting genes. |