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(-) Description

Title :  GDP-BOUND RAB2A GTPASE
 
Authors :  S. Eathiraj, X. Pan, C. Ritacco, D. G. Lambright
Date :  01 Mar 05  (Deposition) - 26 Jul 05  (Release) - 24 Feb 09  (Revision)
Method :  X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Resolution :  2.12
Chains :  Asym. Unit :  A,B,C,D
Biol. Unit 1:  A  (1x)
Biol. Unit 2:  B  (1x)
Biol. Unit 3:  C  (1x)
Biol. Unit 4:  D  (1x)
Biol. Unit 5:  A,B,C,D  (1x)
Biol. Unit 6:  C,D  (1x)
Biol. Unit 7:  B,C  (1x)
Keywords :  Rab Gtpase, Rab2, Vesicular Trafficking, Protein Transport (Keyword Search: [Gene Ontology, PubMed, Web (Google)] )
 
Reference :  S. Eathiraj, X. Pan, C. Ritacco, D. G. Lambright
Structural Basis Of Family-Wide Rab Gtpase Recognition By Rabenosyn-5.
Nature V. 436 415 2005
PubMed-ID: 16034420  |  Reference-DOI: 10.1038/NATURE03798
(for further references see the PDB file header)

(-) Compounds

Molecule 1 - RAS-RELATED PROTEIN RAB-2A
    Chains: A, B, C, D
    Engineered: YES
    Expression System: ESCHERICHIA COLI
    Expression System Plasmid: PGEX6P1
    Expression System Strain: BL21 (DE3) CODON PLUS-RIL CELLS
    Expression System Taxid: 562
    Expression System Vector Type: GST FUSION, PGEX
    Gene: RAB2, RAB2A
    Organism Common: HUMAN
    Organism Scientific: HOMO SAPIENS
    Organism Taxid: 9606

 Structural Features

(-) Chains, Units

  1234
Asymmetric Unit : ABCD
Biological Unit 1 (1x): A   
Biological Unit 2 (1x):  B  
Biological Unit 3 (1x):   C 
Biological Unit 4 (1x):    D
Biological Unit 5 (1x): ABCD
Biological Unit 6 (1x):   CD
Biological Unit 7 (1x):  BC 

Summary Information (see also Sequences/Alignments below)

(-) Ligands, Modified Residues, Ions  (2, 8)

Asymmetric Unit (2, 8)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1GDP4Ligand/IonGUANOSINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE
2MG4Ligand/IonMAGNESIUM ION
Biological Unit 1 (1, 1)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1GDP1Ligand/IonGUANOSINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE
2MG-1Ligand/IonMAGNESIUM ION
Biological Unit 2 (1, 1)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1GDP1Ligand/IonGUANOSINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE
2MG-1Ligand/IonMAGNESIUM ION
Biological Unit 3 (1, 1)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1GDP1Ligand/IonGUANOSINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE
2MG-1Ligand/IonMAGNESIUM ION
Biological Unit 4 (1, 1)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1GDP1Ligand/IonGUANOSINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE
2MG-1Ligand/IonMAGNESIUM ION
Biological Unit 5 (1, 4)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1GDP4Ligand/IonGUANOSINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE
2MG-1Ligand/IonMAGNESIUM ION
Biological Unit 6 (1, 2)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1GDP2Ligand/IonGUANOSINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE
2MG-1Ligand/IonMAGNESIUM ION
Biological Unit 7 (1, 2)
No.NameCountTypeFull Name
1GDP2Ligand/IonGUANOSINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE
2MG-1Ligand/IonMAGNESIUM ION

(-) Sites  (8, 8)

Asymmetric Unit (8, 8)
No.NameEvidenceResiduesDescription
1AC1SOFTWARESER A:20 , ASP A:61 , ALA A:63 , GDP A:1200 , HOH A:1217BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE MG A 1201
2AC2SOFTWARESER B:20 , GDP B:2200 , HOH B:2209 , HOH B:2256 , HOH B:2283BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE MG B 2201
3AC3SOFTWAREASP C:61 , ALA C:63 , GDP C:3200 , HOH C:3227BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE MG C 3201
4AC4SOFTWARESER D:20 , GDP D:4200 , HOH D:4292BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE MG D 4201
5AC5SOFTWAREGLY A:16 , VAL A:17 , GLY A:18 , LYS A:19 , SER A:20 , CYS A:21 , ASN A:119 , LYS A:120 , ASP A:122 , LEU A:123 , SER A:149 , ALA A:150 , LYS A:151 , MG A:1201 , HOH A:1214 , HOH A:1217 , HOH A:1230 , HOH A:1357BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE GDP A 1200
6AC6SOFTWARETHR B:15 , GLY B:16 , VAL B:17 , GLY B:18 , LYS B:19 , SER B:20 , CYS B:21 , PHE B:31 , ASN B:119 , LYS B:120 , ASP B:122 , LEU B:123 , SER B:149 , ALA B:150 , LYS B:151 , MG B:2201 , HOH B:2209 , HOH B:2230 , HOH B:2233 , HOH B:2283BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE GDP B 2200
7AC7SOFTWARETYR B:3 , GLY C:16 , VAL C:17 , GLY C:18 , LYS C:19 , SER C:20 , CYS C:21 , PHE C:31 , PRO C:33 , ASN C:119 , LYS C:120 , ASP C:122 , SER C:149 , ALA C:150 , LYS C:151 , MG C:3201 , HOH C:3227 , HOH C:3275 , HOH C:3333BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE GDP C 3200
8AC8SOFTWAREGLY D:16 , VAL D:17 , GLY D:18 , LYS D:19 , SER D:20 , CYS D:21 , ASN D:119 , LYS D:120 , LEU D:123 , SER D:149 , ALA D:150 , MG D:4201 , HOH D:4245 , HOH D:4292BINDING SITE FOR RESIDUE GDP D 4200

(-) SS Bonds  (0, 0)

(no "SS Bond" information available for 1Z0A)

(-) Cis Peptide Bonds  (0, 0)

(no "Cis Peptide Bond" information available for 1Z0A)

 Sequence-Structure Mapping

(-) SAPs(SNPs)/Variants  (0, 0)

(no "SAP(SNP)/Variant" information available for 1Z0A)

(-) PROSITE Motifs  (1, 2)

Asymmetric Unit (1, 2)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1RABPS51419 small GTPase Rab1 family profile.RAB2A_HUMAN2-212
 
  2A:2-170
C:2-170
Biological Unit 1 (1, 1)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1RABPS51419 small GTPase Rab1 family profile.RAB2A_HUMAN2-212
 
  1A:2-170
-
Biological Unit 2 (, 0)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1RABPS51419 small GTPase Rab1 family profile.RAB2A_HUMAN2-212
 
  0-
-
Biological Unit 3 (1, 1)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1RABPS51419 small GTPase Rab1 family profile.RAB2A_HUMAN2-212
 
  1-
C:2-170
Biological Unit 4 (, 0)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1RABPS51419 small GTPase Rab1 family profile.RAB2A_HUMAN2-212
 
  0-
-
Biological Unit 5 (1, 2)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1RABPS51419 small GTPase Rab1 family profile.RAB2A_HUMAN2-212
 
  2A:2-170
C:2-170
Biological Unit 6 (1, 1)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1RABPS51419 small GTPase Rab1 family profile.RAB2A_HUMAN2-212
 
  1-
C:2-170
Biological Unit 7 (1, 1)
 PROSITEUniProtKBPDB
No.IDACDescriptionIDLocationCountLocation
1RABPS51419 small GTPase Rab1 family profile.RAB2A_HUMAN2-212
 
  1-
C:2-170

(-) Exons   (7, 28)

Asymmetric Unit (7, 28)
 ENSEMBLUniProtKBPDB
No.Transcript IDExonExon IDGenome LocationLengthIDLocationLengthCountLocationLength
1.1aENST000002626461aENSE00002187756chr8:61429416-61429812397RAB2A_HUMAN1-16164A:2-16
B:3-16
C:2-16
D:3-16
15
14
15
14
1.2bENST000002626462bENSE00001202037chr8:61471411-6147148272RAB2A_HUMAN16-40254A:16-40 (gaps)
B:16-40 (gaps)
C:16-40
D:16-40 (gaps)
25
25
25
25
1.4bENST000002626464bENSE00000695037chr8:61484605-6148467268RAB2A_HUMAN40-62234A:40-62
B:40-62
C:40-62
D:40-62
23
23
23
23
1.7ENST000002626467ENSE00001803470chr8:61496767-6149684983RAB2A_HUMAN63-90284A:63-90
B:63-90
C:63-90
D:63-90
28
28
28
28
1.8bENST000002626468bENSE00001693689chr8:61497282-6149737493RAB2A_HUMAN90-121324A:90-121
B:90-121
C:90-121
D:90-121
32
32
32
32
1.9cENST000002626469cENSE00000695048chr8:61504417-61504528112RAB2A_HUMAN121-158384A:121-158
B:121-158
C:121-158
D:121-158 (gaps)
38
38
38
38
1.10aENST0000026264610aENSE00001087170chr8:61531139-6153120769RAB2A_HUMAN159-181234A:159-170
B:159-169
C:159-170
D:159-170
12
11
12
12
1.11fENST0000026264611fENSE00001866646chr8:61533233-615361862954RAB2A_HUMAN182-212310--

(-) Sequences/Alignments

Asymmetric Unit
   Reformat: Number of residues per line =  ('0' or empty: single-line sequence representation)
  Number of residues per labelling interval =   
  UniProt sequence: complete  aligned part    
   Show mapping: SCOP domains CATH domains Pfam domains Secondary structure (by author)
SAPs(SNPs) PROSITE motifs Exons
(details for a mapped element are shown in a popup box when the mouse pointer rests over it)
Chain A from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:166
 aligned with RAB2A_HUMAN | P61019 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:212

    Alignment length:169
                                    11        21        31        41        51        61        71        81        91       101       111       121       131       141       151       161         
          RAB2A_HUMAN     2 AYAYLFKYIIIGDTGVGKSCLLLQFTDKRFQPVHDLTIGVEFGARMITIDGKQIKLQIWDTAGQESFRSITRSYYRGAAGALLVYDITRRDTFNHLTTWLEDARQHSNSNMVIMLIGNKSDLESRREVKKEEGEAFAREHGLIFMETSAKTASNVEEAFINTAKEIYEK 170
               SCOP domains d1z0aa1 A:2-170 Rab2a                                                                                                                                                     SCOP domains
               CATH domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author ..eeeeeeeeee....hhhhhhhhhhhh...---.......eeeeeeee..eeeeeeeee..........hhhhhh.eeeeeeeee..hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh....eeeeeee...hhhhh..hhhhhhhhhhhhh.eeeee......hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE RAB  PDB: A:2-170 UniProt: 2-212                                                                                                                                          PROSITE
           Transcript 1 (1) Exon 1.1a      -----------------------Exon 1.4b  PDB: A:40-62Exon 1.7  PDB: A:63-90      ------------------------------Exon 1.9c  PDB: A:121-158             Exon 1.10a   Transcript 1 (1)
           Transcript 1 (2) --------------Exon 1.2b UniProt: 16-40 -------------------------------------------------Exon 1.8b  PDB: A:90-121        ------------------------------------------------- Transcript 1 (2)
                 1z0a A   2 AYAYLFKYIIIGDTGVGKSCLLLQFTDKRFQ---DLTIGVEFGARMITIDGKQIKLQIWDTAGQESFRSITRSYYRGAAGALLVYDITRRDTFNHLTTWLEDARQHSNSNMVIMLIGNKSDLESRREVKKEEGEAFAREHGLIFMETSAKTASNVEEAFINTAKEIYEK 170
                                    11        21        31|   |   41        51        61        71        81        91       101       111       121       131       141       151       161         
                                                         32  36                                                                                                                                      

Chain B from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:163
 aligned with RAB2A_HUMAN | P61019 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:212

    Alignment length:167
                                    12        22        32        42        52        62        72        82        92       102       112       122       132       142       152       162       
          RAB2A_HUMAN     3 YAYLFKYIIIGDTGVGKSCLLLQFTDKRFQPVHDLTIGVEFGARMITIDGKQIKLQIWDTAGQESFRSITRSYYRGAAGALLVYDITRRDTFNHLTTWLEDARQHSNSNMVIMLIGNKSDLESRREVKKEEGEAFAREHGLIFMETSAKTASNVEEAFINTAKEIYE 169
               SCOP domains d1z0ab_ B: automated matches                                                                                                                                            SCOP domains
               CATH domains ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author ..eeeeeeee.....hhhhhhhhhhhh..----....eeeeeeeeeee..eeeeeeeeeee...hhhhhhhhhhh.eeeeeeeee..hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.....eeeeeee...hhhhh..hhhhhhhhhhhh..eeeee......hhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE RAB  PDB: - UniProt: 2-212                                                                                                                                              PROSITE
           Transcript 1 (1) Exon 1.1a     -----------------------Exon 1.4b  PDB: B:40-62Exon 1.7  PDB: B:63-90      ------------------------------Exon 1.9c  PDB: B:121-158             Exon 1.10a  Transcript 1 (1)
           Transcript 1 (2) -------------Exon 1.2b UniProt: 16-40 -------------------------------------------------Exon 1.8b  PDB: B:90-121        ------------------------------------------------ Transcript 1 (2)
                 1z0a B   3 YAYLFKYIIIGDTGVGKSCLLLQFTDKRF----DLTIGVEFGARMITIDGKQIKLQIWDTAGQESFRSITRSYYRGAAGALLVYDITRRDTFNHLTTWLEDARQHSNSNMVIMLIGNKSDLESRREVKKEEGEAFAREHGLIFMETSAKTASNVEEAFINTAKEIYE 169
                                    12        22        |-   |    42        52        62        72        82        92       102       112       122       132       142       152       162       
                                                       31   36                                                                                                                                     

Chain C from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:169
 aligned with RAB2A_HUMAN | P61019 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:212

    Alignment length:169
                                    11        21        31        41        51        61        71        81        91       101       111       121       131       141       151       161         
          RAB2A_HUMAN     2 AYAYLFKYIIIGDTGVGKSCLLLQFTDKRFQPVHDLTIGVEFGARMITIDGKQIKLQIWDTAGQESFRSITRSYYRGAAGALLVYDITRRDTFNHLTTWLEDARQHSNSNMVIMLIGNKSDLESRREVKKEEGEAFAREHGLIFMETSAKTASNVEEAFINTAKEIYEK 170
               SCOP domains d1z0ac_ C: automated matches                                                                                                                                              SCOP domains
               CATH domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author ..eeeeeeeeee....hhhhhhhhhhhh.............eeeeeeee..eeeeeeeee..........hhhhhh.eeeeeeeee..hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh....eeeeeee...hhhhh..hhhhhhhhhhhhh.eeeee......hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE RAB  PDB: C:2-170 UniProt: 2-212                                                                                                                                          PROSITE
           Transcript 1 (1) Exon 1.1a      -----------------------Exon 1.4b  PDB: C:40-62Exon 1.7  PDB: C:63-90      ------------------------------Exon 1.9c  PDB: C:121-158             Exon 1.10a   Transcript 1 (1)
           Transcript 1 (2) --------------Exon 1.2b  PDB: C:16-40  -------------------------------------------------Exon 1.8b  PDB: C:90-121        ------------------------------------------------- Transcript 1 (2)
                 1z0a C   2 AYAYLFKYIIIGDTGVGKSCLLLQFTDKRFQPVHDLTIGVEFGARMITIDGKQIKLQIWDTAGQESFRSITRSYYRGAAGALLVYDITRRDTFNHLTTWLEDARQHSNSNMVIMLIGNKSDLESRREVKKEEGEAFAREHGLIFMETSAKTASNVEEAFINTAKEIYEK 170
                                    11        21        31        41        51        61        71        81        91       101       111       121       131       141       151       161         

Chain D from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:158
 aligned with RAB2A_HUMAN | P61019 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:212

    Alignment length:168
                                    12        22        32        42        52        62        72        82        92       102       112       122       132       142       152       162        
          RAB2A_HUMAN     3 YAYLFKYIIIGDTGVGKSCLLLQFTDKRFQPVHDLTIGVEFGARMITIDGKQIKLQIWDTAGQESFRSITRSYYRGAAGALLVYDITRRDTFNHLTTWLEDARQHSNSNMVIMLIGNKSDLESRREVKKEEGEAFAREHGLIFMETSAKTASNVEEAFINTAKEIYEK 170
               SCOP domains d1z0ad_ D: automated match        es                                                                                                                                     SCOP domains
               CATH domains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ CATH domains
           Pfam domains (1) -----Ras-1z0aD01 D:8-169                                                                                                                                               - Pfam domains (1)
           Pfam domains (2) -----Ras-1z0aD02 D:8-169                                                                                                                                               - Pfam domains (2)
           Pfam domains (3) -----Ras-1z0aD03 D:8-169                                                                                                                                               - Pfam domains (3)
           Pfam domains (4) -----Ras-1z0aD04 D:8-169                                                                                                                                               - Pfam domains (4)
         Sec.struct. author ..eeeeeeee.....hhhhhhhhhhh--------...eeeeeeeeeee..eeeeeeeeeee...hhhhhhhhhhh.eeeeeeeee...hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.....eeeeeee...hhhhh..hhhhhhhhhhh--.eeeee......hhhhhhhhhhhhhhh. Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE RAB  PDB: - UniProt: 2-212                                                                                                                                               PROSITE
           Transcript 1 (1) Exon 1.1a     -----------------------Exon 1.4b  PDB: D:40-62Exon 1.7  PDB: D:63-90      ------------------------------Exon 1.9c  PDB: D:121-158 (gaps)      Exon 1.10a   Transcript 1 (1)
           Transcript 1 (2) -------------Exon 1.2b UniProt: 16-40 -------------------------------------------------Exon 1.8b  PDB: D:90-121        ------------------------------------------------- Transcript 1 (2)
                 1z0a D   3 YAYLFKYIIIGDTGVGKSCLLLQFTD--------LTIGVEFGARMITIDGKQIKLQIWDTAGQESFRSITRSYYRGAAGALLVYDITRRDTFNHLTTWLEDARQHSNSNMVIMLIGNKSDLESRREVKKEEGEAFARE--LIFMETSAKTASNVEEAFINTAKEIYEK 170
                                    12        22     |   -    |   42        52        62        72        82        92       102       112       122       132       | -|      152       162        
                                                    28       37                                                                                                    140  |                           
                                                                                                                                                                      143                           

   Legend:   → Mismatch (orange background)
  - → Gap (green background, '-', border residues have a numbering label)
    → Modified Residue (blue background, lower-case, 'x' indicates undefined single-letter code, labelled with number + name)
  x → Chemical Group (purple background, 'x', labelled with number + name, e.g. ACE or NH2)
  extra numbering lines below/above indicate numbering irregularities and modified residue names etc., number ends below/above '|'

 Classification and Annotation

(-) SCOP Domains  (2, 4)

Asymmetric Unit

(-) CATH Domains  (0, 0)

(no "CATH Domain" information available for 1Z0A)

(-) Pfam Domains  (1, 4)

Asymmetric Unit
(-)
Family: Ras (176)
1aRas-1z0aD01D:8-169
1bRas-1z0aD02D:8-169
1cRas-1z0aD03D:8-169
1dRas-1z0aD04D:8-169

(-) Gene Ontology  (21, 21)

Asymmetric Unit(hide GO term definitions)
Chain A,B,C,D   (RAB2A_HUMAN | P61019)
molecular function
    GO:0019003    GDP binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate.
    GO:0005525    GTP binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GTP, guanosine triphosphate.
    GO:0003924    GTPase activity    Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
    GO:0000166    nucleotide binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose.
    GO:0005515    protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
biological process
    GO:0006888    ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport    The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.
    GO:0007030    Golgi organization    A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus.
    GO:0015031    protein transport    The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
    GO:0007264    small GTPase mediated signal transduction    Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals.
    GO:0006810    transport    The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein.
    GO:0016192    vesicle-mediated transport    A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.
cellular component
    GO:0005794    Golgi apparatus    A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.
    GO:0000139    Golgi membrane    The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.
    GO:0005783    endoplasmic reticulum    The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).
    GO:0005789    endoplasmic reticulum membrane    The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum.
    GO:0033116    endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane    The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment system.
    GO:0070062    extracellular exosome    A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.
    GO:0005765    lysosomal membrane    The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm.
    GO:0042470    melanosome    A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. Melanosomes are synthesized in melanocyte cells.
    GO:0016020    membrane    A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.
    GO:0005634    nucleus    A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

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