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(-) Description

Title :  DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES IN SOLUTION STRUCTURES OF ANGIOTENSIN I & II: IMPLICATION FOR STRUCTURE-FUNCTION RELATIONSHIP
 
Authors :  G. A. Spyroulias, P. Nikolakopoulou, A. Tzakos, I. P. Gerothanassis, V E. Manessi-Zoupa, P. Cordopatis
Date :  26 Nov 02  (Deposition) - 29 Jul 03  (Release) - 21 Dec 16  (Revision)
Method :  SOLUTION NMR
Resolution :  NOT APPLICABLE
Chains :  NMR Structure  :  A  (21x)
NMR Structure *:  A  (1x)
Keywords :  Angiotensin, Renin-Angiotensin System, Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, Nmr Solution Structure, Peptides, Signaling Protein (Keyword Search: [Gene Ontology, PubMed, Web (Google))
 
Reference :  G. A. Spyroulias, P. Nikolakopoulou, A. Tzakos, I. P. Gerothanassis, V. Magafa, E. Manessi-Zoupa, P. Cordopatis
Comparison Of The Solution Structures Of Angiotensin I & Ii Implication For Structure-Function Relationship.
Eur. J. Biochem. V. 270 2163 2003
PubMed-ID: 12752436  |  Reference-DOI: 10.1046/J.1432-1033.2003.03573.X
(for further references see the PDB file header)

(-) Compounds

Molecule 1 - ANGIOTENSIN I
    ChainsA
    EngineeredYES
    Other DetailsTHE PEPTIDE WAS MADE THROUGH SOLID PHASE SYNTHESIS USING FMOC CHEMISTRY. THE SEQUENCE OF THE PEPTIDE IS NATURALLY FOUND IN HOMO SAPIENS.
    SynonymANG I
    SyntheticYES

 Structural Features

(-) Chains, Units

  1
NMR Structure (21x)A
NMR Structure * (1x)A

Summary Information (see also Sequences/Alignments below)

(-) Ligands, Modified Residues, Ions  (0, 0)

(no "Ligand,Modified Residues,Ions" information available for 1N9U)

(-) Sites  (0, 0)

(no "Site" information available for 1N9U)

(-) SS Bonds  (0, 0)

(no "SS Bond" information available for 1N9U)

(-) Cis Peptide Bonds  (0, 0)

(no "Cis Peptide Bond" information available for 1N9U)

 Sequence-Structure Mapping

(-) SAPs(SNPs)/Variants  (1, 1)

NMR Structure (1, 1)
  dbSNPPDB
No.SourceVariant IDVariantUniProt IDStatusIDChainVariant
1UniProtVAR_022933L43FANGT_HUMANPolymorphism41271499AL10F

  SNP/SAP Summary Statistics (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
NMR Structure * (1, 1)
  dbSNPPDB
No.SourceVariant IDVariantUniProt IDStatusIDChainVariant
1UniProtVAR_022933L43FANGT_HUMANPolymorphism41271499AL10F

  SNP/SAP Summary Statistics (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

(-) PROSITE Motifs  (0, 0)

(no "PROSITE Motif" information available for 1N9U)

(-) Exons   (1, 1)

NMR Structure (1, 1)
 ENSEMBLUniProtKBPDB
No.Transcript IDExonExon IDGenome LocationLengthIDLocationLengthCountLocationLength
1.1ENST000003666671ENSE00001442280chr1:230850043-230849832212ANGT_HUMAN-00--
1.2aENST000003666672aENSE00001442279chr1:230846599-230845741859ANGT_HUMAN1-2862861A:1-1010
1.3ENST000003666673ENSE00000921429chr1:230841946-230841679268ANGT_HUMAN286-375900--
1.4ENST000003666674ENSE00000921430chr1:230840083-230839939145ANGT_HUMAN375-423490--
1.5bENST000003666675bENSE00001920401chr1:230839075-230838269807ANGT_HUMAN424-485620--

(-) Sequences/Alignments

NMR Structure
   Reformat: Number of residues per line =  ('0' or empty: single-line sequence representation)
  Number of residues per labelling interval =   
  UniProt sequence: complete  aligned part    
   Show mapping: SCOP domains CATH domains Pfam domains Secondary structure (by author)
SAPs(SNPs) PROSITE motifs Exons
(details for a mapped element are shown in a popup box when the mouse pointer rests over it)
Chain A from PDB  Type:PROTEIN  Length:10
 aligned with ANGT_HUMAN | P01019 from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  Length:485

    Alignment length:10
                                    43
            ANGT_HUMAN   34 DRVYIHPFHL 43
               SCOP domains d1n9ua_ A: SCOP domains
               CATH domains ---------- CATH domains
               Pfam domains ---------- Pfam domains
         Sec.struct. author .......... Sec.struct. author
                 SAPs(SNPs) ---------F SAPs(SNPs)
                    PROSITE ---------- PROSITE
               Transcript 1 Exon 1.2a  Transcript 1
                  1n9u A  1 DRVYIHPFHL 10
                                    10

   Legend:   → Mismatch (orange background)
  - → Gap (green background, '-', border residues have a numbering label)
    → Modified Residue (blue background, lower-case, 'x' indicates undefined single-letter code, labelled with number + name)
  x → Chemical Group (purple background, 'x', labelled with number + name, e.g. ACE or NH2)
  extra numbering lines below/above indicate numbering irregularities and modified residue names etc., number ends below/above '|'

 Classification and Annotation

(-) SCOP Domains  (1, 1)

NMR Structure
(-)
Class: Peptides (792)

(-) CATH Domains  (0, 0)

(no "CATH Domain" information available for 1N9U)

(-) Pfam Domains  (0, 0)

(no "Pfam Domain" information available for 1N9U)

(-) Gene Ontology  (97, 97)

NMR Structure(hide GO term definitions)
Chain A   (ANGT_HUMAN | P01019)
molecular function
    GO:0031701    angiotensin receptor binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an angiotensin receptor.
    GO:0008083    growth factor activity    The function that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation.
    GO:0005179    hormone activity    The action characteristic of a hormone, any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. The term was originally applied to agents with a stimulatory physiological action in vertebrate animals (as opposed to a chalone, which has a depressant action). Usage is now extended to regulatory compounds in lower animals and plants, and to synthetic substances having comparable effects; all bind receptors and trigger some biological process.
    GO:0005515    protein binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
    GO:0048018    receptor agonist activity    Interacts with receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is increased.
    GO:0004867    serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity    Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of serine-type endopeptidases, enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain; a serine residue (and a histidine residue) are at the active center of the enzyme.
    GO:0017080    sodium channel regulator activity    Modulates the activity of a sodium channel.
    GO:0016176    superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase activator activity    Increases the activity of the enzyme superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase.
    GO:0031702    type 1 angiotensin receptor binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1 angiotensin receptor.
    GO:0031703    type 2 angiotensin receptor binding    Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 2 angiotensin receptor.
biological process
    GO:0070371    ERK1 and ERK2 cascade    An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least ERK1 or ERK2 (MAPKs), a MEK (a MAPKK) and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.
    GO:0007186    G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576).
    GO:0007199    G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway coupled to cGMP nucleotide second messenger    The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by activation of guanylyl cyclase (GC) activity and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic GMP (cGMP).
    GO:0007202    activation of phospholipase C activity    The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme phospolipase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand.
    GO:0007568    aging    A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700).
    GO:0002003    angiotensin maturation    The process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of angiotensin by conversion of renin substrate into mature angiotensin in the blood.
    GO:0038166    angiotensin-activated signaling pathway    The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of angiotensin II binding to an angiotensin receptor on the surface of the cell, and proceeding with the activated receptor transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity. Ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
    GO:0003051    angiotensin-mediated drinking behavior    The drinking behavior that is mediated by the action of angiotensin in the brain. Angiotensin stimulates the brain centers that control thirst.
    GO:0014824    artery smooth muscle contraction    A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the artery. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The artery is a vessel carrying blood away from the heart.
    GO:0001974    blood vessel remodeling    The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.
    GO:0035411    catenin import into nucleus    The directed movement of a catenin protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
    GO:0061049    cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development    The growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
    GO:0007166    cell surface receptor signaling pathway    A series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
    GO:0007267    cell-cell signaling    Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.
    GO:0071260    cellular response to mechanical stimulus    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus.
    GO:0006883    cellular sodium ion homeostasis    Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions at the level of a cell.
    GO:0050663    cytokine secretion    The regulated release of cytokines from a cell. Cytokines are any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity.
    GO:0007565    female pregnancy    The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth.
    GO:0048144    fibroblast proliferation    The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells, resulting in the expansion of the fibroblast population.
    GO:0001822    kidney development    The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
    GO:0034374    low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling    The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters from LDL to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride to LDL.
    GO:0016525    negative regulation of angiogenesis    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.
    GO:0030308    negative regulation of cell growth    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
    GO:0010951    negative regulation of endopeptidase activity    Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
    GO:0010629    negative regulation of gene expression    Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
    GO:0051387    negative regulation of neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway.
    GO:2000650    negative regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity    Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
    GO:0034104    negative regulation of tissue remodeling    Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.
    GO:0007263    nitric oxide mediated signal transduction    Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via nitric oxide (NO). Includes synthesis of nitric oxide, receptors/sensors for nitric oxide (such as soluble guanylyl cyclase/sGC) and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. Nitric oxide transmits its downstream effects through either cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent or independent mechanisms.
    GO:0007200    phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway    The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent increase in the concentration of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
    GO:0033864    positive regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity    Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.
    GO:0051092    positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.
    GO:0045777    positive regulation of blood pressure    Any process in which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is increased.
    GO:0090190    positive regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis    Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.
    GO:0010613    positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy    Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.
    GO:0043085    positive regulation of catalytic activity    Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme.
    GO:0008284    positive regulation of cell proliferation    Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.
    GO:0032270    positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
    GO:0010873    positive regulation of cholesterol esterification    Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol esterification. Cholesterol esterification is the lipid modification process in which a sterol ester is formed by the combination of a carboxylic acid (often a fatty acid) and cholesterol. In the blood this process is associated with the conversion of free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester, which is then sequestered into the core of a lipoprotein particle.
    GO:0001819    positive regulation of cytokine production    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine.
    GO:0010595    positive regulation of endothelial cell migration    Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.
    GO:0045742    positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
    GO:0003331    positive regulation of extracellular matrix constituent secretion    Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell or a group of cells.
    GO:2001238    positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
    GO:0048146    positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.
    GO:1903598    positive regulation of gap junction assembly    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gap junction assembly.
    GO:0050729    positive regulation of inflammatory response    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.
    GO:0010744    positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation    Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
    GO:1902632    positive regulation of membrane hyperpolarization    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane hyperpolarization.
    GO:0045429    positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.
    GO:0050731    positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.
    GO:0014068    positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
    GO:0061098    positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity    Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.
    GO:2000379    positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.
    GO:0035815    positive regulation of renal sodium excretion    Any process that increases the amount of sodium excreted in urine over a unit of time.
    GO:0032930    positive regulation of superoxide anion generation    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell.
    GO:0045893    positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated    Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
    GO:0008217    regulation of blood pressure    Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.
    GO:0002034    regulation of blood vessel diameter by renin-angiotensin    The process in which the diameter of a blood vessel is changed due to activity of the renin-angiotensin system.
    GO:0050880    regulation of blood vessel size    Any process that modulates the size of blood vessels.
    GO:0002016    regulation of blood volume by renin-angiotensin    The process in which the renin-angiotensin system controls the rate of fluid intake and output into the blood.
    GO:0051924    regulation of calcium ion transport    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
    GO:1903779    regulation of cardiac conduction    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction.
    GO:0001558    regulation of cell growth    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
    GO:0042127    regulation of cell proliferation    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.
    GO:1901201    regulation of extracellular matrix assembly    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.
    GO:0002027    regulation of heart rate    Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction.
    GO:0048169    regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity    A process that modulates long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers.
    GO:0014061    regulation of norepinephrine secretion    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.
    GO:0002019    regulation of renal output by angiotensin    The process in which angiotensin directly modulates the rate of urine output by the kidney.
    GO:0035813    regulation of renal sodium excretion    Any process that modulates the amount of sodium excreted in urine over a unit of time.
    GO:0003081    regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by renin-angiotensin    The process in which renin-angiotensin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.
    GO:0051969    regulation of transmission of nerve impulse    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.
    GO:0019229    regulation of vasoconstriction    Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels.
    GO:0003014    renal system process    A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the renal system. The renal system maintains fluid balance, and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels; in other species, the renal system may comprise related structures (e.g., nephrocytes and malpighian tubules in Drosophila).
    GO:0002018    renin-angiotensin regulation of aldosterone production    The process in which an increase in active angiotensin stimulates the adrenal cortices to secrete aldosterone.
    GO:0014873    response to muscle activity involved in regulation of muscle adaptation    Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
    GO:0048659    smooth muscle cell proliferation    The multiplication or reproduction of smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
    GO:0051403    stress-activated MAPK cascade    A series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated MAP kinase cascade relays one or more of the signals; MAP kinase cascades involve at least three protein kinase activities and culminate in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase.
    GO:0070471    uterine smooth muscle contraction    A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the uterus. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The uterus is a muscular organ of the female mammal for containing and usually for nourishing the young during development prior to birth.
    GO:0042310    vasoconstriction    A decrease in the diameter of blood vessels, especially arteries, due to constriction of smooth muscle cells that line the vessels, and usually causing an increase in blood pressure.
    GO:0042311    vasodilation    An increase in the internal diameter of blood vessels, especially arterioles or capillaries, due to relaxation of smooth muscle cells that line the vessels, and usually resulting in a decrease in blood pressure.
cellular component
    GO:0072562    blood microparticle    A phospholipid microvesicle that is derived from any of several cell types, such as platelets, blood cells, endothelial cells, or others, and contains membrane receptors as well as other proteins characteristic of the parental cell. Microparticles are heterogeneous in size, and are characterized as microvesicles free of nucleic acids.
    GO:0005737    cytoplasm    All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
    GO:0070062    extracellular exosome    A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.
    GO:0005576    extracellular region    The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
    GO:0005615    extracellular space    That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.

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 Related Entries

(-) Entries Sharing at Least One Protein Chain (UniProt ID)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
        ANGT_HUMAN | P010191n9v 2jp8 2wxw 2x0b 3ck0 3woo 3wor 4aa1 4aph 4fys 5e2q

(-) Related Entries Specified in the PDB File

(no "Related Entries Specified in the PDB File" available for 1N9U)